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The double-blind peer-reviewed scientific and technical journal Tonkie Khimicheskie Tekhnologii [Fine Chemical Technologies] highlights the modern achievements concerning fundamental and applied research in the fine chemicals industry. It is a forum for cooperation between Russian and international scientists. Tonkie Khimicheskie Tekhnologii [Fine Chemical Technologies] publishes the results of original experimental and theoretical research in the form of original articles, brief reports, and authors' reviews, as well as forecasting and analytical articles in the field of fine chemical technologies and related sciences.

Main topics of the journal:

- Theoretical bases of chemical technologies;
- Chemistry and technology of organic substances;
- Biochemistry and biotechnology;
- Chemistry and technology of medicinal compounds and biologically active substances;
- Synthesis and processing of polymers and polymeric composites;
- Chemistry and technology of inorganic materials;
- Analytical methods in chemistry and chemical technology;
- Mathematical methods and information systems in chemical technology.

Tonkie Khimicheskie Tekhnologii [Fine Chemical Technologies] has been accepted for Scopus since September 2021.

Tonkie Khimicheskie Tekhnologii [Fine Chemical Technologies] is included in the database of Russian scientific journals, i.e., Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), hosted on the Web of Science platform. It is reviewed in the Chemical Abstracts international database and is a part of Ulrich's Periodicals Directory as well as the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The journal is included in the Science Index on the eLIBRARY platform.

The journal is included in the list of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and editions, approved by the State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles of the Russian Federation.

A double-blind peer review method is mandatory for processing of all scientific manuscripts submitted to the Editorial Board of Tonkie Khimicheskie Tekhnologii [Fine Chemical Technologies]. All manuscripts are accepted for publication based on the results of the peer review. Among the reviewers are leading Russian and international scientists of academic and industrial chemical and chemical-technology institutes in Russia, Germany, Portugal, Poland, Colombia, Finland, Kazakhstan, and Belarus.

Materials may be submitted either in English or in Russian. Articles submitted to the Editorial Office in English are published only in English. The Publisher provides full English translation of articles written in Russian free of charge. Russian and English versions of article are published on the journal’s website simultaneously. Articles are translated into English by qualified translators, who specialize in chemistry and chemical technology. To improve the quality of articles written in English, the Publisher cooperates with Laboratory for scientific translation, a company that provides high-quality scientific editing services by native English speakers. All articles written in English are edited by experts.

Publication in Tonkie Khimicheskie Tekhnologii [Fine Chemical Technologies] is free of charge.

The journal does not have any article processing charges.

The journal does not have any article submission charges.

Publication frequency: bimonthly.

All articles published by Tonkie Khimicheskie Tekhnologii [Fine Chemical Technologies] are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit, and/or adapt the work, provided the original work and its accompanying source are appropriately cited.

The Founder and Publisher of the journal is MIREA - Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA). RTU MIREA is a member of the Association of Scientific Editors and Publishers (ASEP). Until 2016, the Founder and Publisher of the journal was M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies. The journal was founded in 2006. The former name of the journal was Vestnik MITHT (2006–2014) (ISSN 1819-1487).

The Publisher's address is 78, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow 119454, Russian Federation.

The journal is published in two forms: online (ISSN online 2686-7575) and print (ISSN print 2410-6395).

Tonkie Khimicheskie Tekhnologii [Fine Chemical Technologies] is an open access journal. All articles are freely available to readers immediately after online publication. In the print form, the journal is distributed on the territory of the Russian Federation and CIS by subscription. The subscription index of the Pressa Rossii United Catalog is 36924.

The registration certificate is ПИ № ФС 77-74580, issued on December 14, 2018 by the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology, and Mass Media of Russia.

Current issue

Vol 20, No 2 (2025)
View or download the full issue PDF (Russian) | PDF

THEORETICAL BASIS OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

  • The energy efficiency of using schemes including columns with side sections and side draws in the extractive distillation of tetrahydrofuran–ethyl acetate–water mixture with dimethyl sulfoxide as an entrainer was evaluated.
  • Two variants of schemes including partially thermally coupled distillation columns and two variants of schemes including columns with side draws were synthesized on the basis of the conventional scheme of double extractive distillation consisting of two-withdrawal columns using the graph method.
  • The phase state of the side draw is shown to have little effect on the total energy consumption in column reboilers, the amount of liquid-phase side draw being 1.4–5.2 times greater than that of vapor-phase draw.
95-106 933
Abstract

Objectives. The work set out to evaluate the energy efficiency of using schemes including columns with side sections and side draws in the extractive distillation of tetrahydrofuran–ethyl acetate–water mixture with dimethyl sulfoxide as an entrainer.

Methods. The main research method consisted of a computational experiment with the Aspen Plus v. 12 software package. The local composition UNIQUAC equation model was used for describing vapor–liquid equilibrium. Parametric optimization of initial scheme and schemes, including columns with side sections and side draws, was carried out according to the criterion of energy consumptions in distillation columns reboilers.

Results. Two variants ofschemes including partially thermally coupled distillation columns and two variants ofschemes including columns with side draws were synthesized on the basis of the conventional scheme of double extractive distillation consisting of two-withdrawal columns using the graph method. The optimal operating parameters of the conventional scheme and all schemes obtained on its basis were determined. The schemes, including columns with side draw, were modeled in two variants, namely, in the vapor phase with side draw, and in the liquid phase. The energy efficiency of the proposed schemes was evaluated in comparison with the conventional scheme.

Conclusions. The phase state of the side draw is shown to have little effect on the total energy consumption in column reboilers, the amount of liquid-phase side draw being 1.4–5.2 times greater than that of vapor-phase draw. Among the schemes including complex columns with a side section, the maximum reduction of energy consumption by 5.9% in relation to the scheme of two-withdrawal columns is provided by the scheme according to which the thermal coupling between the second extractive column and the regeneration column of the entrainer is realized. Thermal coupling of extractive columns provides a significantly lower energy saving (1.36%). Among the schemes including complex columns with side draw, the greatest energy efficiency (5.9%) is characterized by the scheme in which the draw in the vapor phase is taken from the second extractive column to the regeneration column.

BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

  • A recombinant human adenovirus of the fifth serotype expressing the haemagglutinin gene of swine influenza type A strain H1N1 (swH1-His) was designed and produced.
  • The recombinant swH1-His protein was purified from the culture medium using the Ni-agarose batch method (protein yield was 1.2 mg from 50 mL of culture fluid).
  • Analysis of the resulting recombinant protein showed consistency with the reported (≈70 kDa) molecular mass and confirmed the authenticity of the cross-linking to histidine.
  • The antigenic specificity of the recombinant swH1-His protein in indirect ELISA with specific sera was not lower than that of the proprietary commercial haemagglutinin.
107-118 746
Abstract

Objectives. To analyze the physicochemical and antigenic properties of recombinant hemagglutinin protein of swine influenza virus strain A/H1N1 (swH1-His) obtained by transduction of suspension line HEK293 with recombinant human adenovirus serotype 5.

Methods. The de novo assembly of the target hemagglutinin gene was performed via the polymerase chain reaction. Recombinant adenovirus recAd5-swH1-His was obtained using the AdEasy™ Adenoviral Vector System kit. Accumulation of preparative amounts of recombinant protein was performed by transduction of recAd5-swH1-His suspension culture of HEK293 cells in a wave-type bioreactor. Recombinant hemagglutinin was isolated from the culture medium by metal-chelate affinity purification on a sorbent. The actual molecular mass and its correspondence to the expected value, as well as the presence of histidine residues were shown by electrophoresis and Western blot. The antigenic specificity of swH1-His was determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with specific sera.

Results. Recombinant hemagglutinin swH1-His was obtained in the amount of 1.2 mg from 50 mL of culture fluid. The compliance of its mass with the declared molecular mass (≈70 kDa) was confirmed along with the presence of cross-linking with histidine residues. The antigenic specificity of swH1-His in reaction with sera was demonstrated.

Conclusions. The physicochemical and antigenic characteristics of recombinant protein hemagglutinin of swine influenza A/H1N1 (swH1-His) obtained by transduction of HEK293 cells with recombinant human adenovirus of serotype 5 were determined. The obtained recombinant hemagglutinin can be used as an antigen for animal and human influenza diagnostic purposes.

  • This article reviews scientific developments in the immobilization of cellulase on nanostructured carriers.
  • Nanostructured carriers have a large surface area, providing high immobilization efficiency, and also create a favorable environment for activating cellulase and increasing its stability. This allows one to create nanobiocatalysts for efficient conversion of cellulose substrate.
  • The article describes such nanostructured carriers as graphene layers, polymer nanoparticles, nanohydrogels, nanofibers, silica nanoparticles, hierarchical porous materials, and magnetic nanoparticles.
  • The use of magnetic nanoparticles is especially advantageous due to their easy separation and the possibility of extracting the nanobiocatalyst for reuse.
119-136 710
Abstract

Objectives. Cellulase is a multienzyme complex that breaks down cellulose contained in plant cell walls. Cellulase consists of three types of enzymes: endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase, each of which is involved in the destruction of certain chemical bonds in cellulose. Nanobiocatalysts based on cellulase immobilized on nanostructured carriers are used for catalytic hydrolysis of biomass waste, as well as in the food industry and for environmental protection. This article reviews scientific developments in the immobilization of cellulase on nanostructured carriers.

Methods. The article analyzes scientific papers published over the past five years that concerned the main aspects of immobilization of cellulase, an enzyme for processing cellulose biomass waste, on nanostructured carriers. The article examines methods of cellulase immobilization, the morphology of nanostructured carriers, and the factors affecting the enzyme activity and allowing one to achieve maximum conversion of cellulose-containing waste of plant origin.

Results. Nanostructured carriers have a large surface area, providing high immobilization efficiency, and also create a favorable environment for activating cellulase and increasing its stability. This allows one to create nanobiocatalysts for efficient conversion of cellulose substrate. The conducted analysis of the latest trends shows that positive changes have occurred in immobilization methods and carrier compositions over the past five years. The article describes such nanostructured carriers as graphene layers, polymer nanoparticles, nanohydrogels, nanofibers, silica nanoparticles, hierarchical porous materials, and magnetic nanoparticles.

Conclusions. Magnetically separable carriers increase the reliability of the biocatalyst and facilitate biocatalytic processes. The use of magnetic nanoparticles is especially advantageous due to their easy separation and the possibility of extracting the nanobiocatalyst for reuse.

SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF POLYMERS AND POLYMERIC COMPOSITES

  • The effectiveness of N-[(1RS)-camphanyl-2-ylidene]aniline as an ultraviolet (UV) absorber in 3D printing using digital light processing was investigated.
  • The effectiveness of camphor anils as UV absorbers in the photopolymerizable composition is confirmed.
  • With high dimensional accuracy in printing, it is possible to produce densely cross-linked polymers offering desirable physicomechanical properties and heat deflection temperatures.
137-145 694
Abstract

Objectives. To investigate the effectiveness of N-[(1RS)-camphanyl-2-ylidene]aniline as an ultraviolet (UV) absorber in 3D printing using digital light processing.

Methods. Polymerization process parameters were determined using а Netzsch DSC 204 F1 Phoenix differential scanning calorimeter equipped with an OmniCure S2000 UV irradiation attachment (400–500 nm filter). Samples were printed on a Minicube ULTRA 3D printer using a 405-nm LED light source. Dimensional accuracy during printing was evaluated according to ISO 52902:2019. Mechanical properties were determined using a Zwick/Roell Zwicki Z5.0 universal testing machine, while heat deflection temperature was measured on a Gotech HDT-HV-2000-3 device.

Results. The conversion degree of double bonds determined from differential scanning calorimetry results for a photopolymerizable composition containing camphor anil are almost identical to that for the composition without a UV absorber. The high gel fraction content in the samples indicates the formation of cross-linked polymers. The level of physical and mechanical properties, as determined in tensile and flexural parameters, is largely unaffected by the use of the type of UV absorbers considered. Tensile strength values are comparable to those of oligocarbonate methacrylate OСM-2-based materials produced under radiation polymerization conditions. Dimensional deviation for materials containing camphor anils is smaller than for compositions without a UV absorber or for compositions using a triazole derivative as an absorber.

Conclusions. The effectiveness of camphor anils as UV absorbers in the photopolymerizable composition is confirmed. With high dimensional accuracy in printing, it is possible to produce densely cross-linked polymers offering desirable physicomechanical properties and heat deflection temperatures.

  • The gas permeability properties of biocomposite materials based on synthetic polymers and natural fillers were characterized.
  • As the ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer content in the polymer matrix increases, so also do its solubility and coefficients of gas permeability and oxygen diffusion.
  • The variation in the diffusion characteristics of biocomposite materials obtained using solid filler particles that differ significantly in shape is characterized.
  • The presented interpretation of the obtained results explains the decrease in diffusion in terms of increased rigidity of biocomposites.
146-155 680
Abstract

Objectives. The work set out to characterize the gas permeability properties of biocomposite materials based on synthetic polymers and natural fillers.

Methods. The studied materials were blends of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, with different LDPE/EVA ratios, as well as biocomposites based on these polymers with natural cellulosic fillers (wood flour (WF) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)). The coefficients of gas permeability, diffusion, and oxygen solubility were determined in the obtained composites using the manometric method. The dependence of the diffusion properties of LDPE/EVA blends and biocomposites made of LDPE/EVA/natural filler on the EVA content in the composite was considered.

Results. We demonstrated that, as the EVA content in the polymer matrix increases, so also do its solubility and coefficients of gas permeability and oxygen diffusion. The variation in the diffusion characteristics of biocomposite materials obtained using solid filler particles that differ significantly in shape is characterized. The presented interpretation of the obtained results explains the decrease in diffusion in terms of increased rigidity of biocomposites.

Conclusions. An increase in the EVA content in blends with LDPE leads to a linear increase in the gas permeability for oxygen, as well as enhanced diffusion and solubility of oxygen in the film. Upon adding a cellulosic filler, the gas permeability of the composites drops almost twofold. The decrease in gas permeability is associated with the morphology of the filler particles increasing the path of gas molecules. Oxygen solubility for composites with MCC and WF is not the same due to the shape of the filler particles. Rough and more elongated WF particles form a more rigid, less permeable structure of the biocomposite than smooth spherical MCC particles.

CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS

  • The effect of varying lanthanum content in the Fe2O3–Li2O–La(OH)3 system on phase formation was investigated and corresponding structural and electromagnetic properties of a lithium-ferrite composite material obtained using high-temperature ceramic technology were characterized.
  • It is revealed that a two-phase composite is formed, which consists of the spinel phase α-Li5Fe2.5O4 and the perovskite-like phase LaFeO3 during sintering of the samples. The concentrations of the phases depend on the ratio of the initial components.
  • The introduction of lanthanum into lithium ferrite prevents the violation of the stoichiometric composition of lithium ferrite due to the construction of an additional LaFeO3 lattice, which is confirmed by high values of the Curie temperature of 631°C.
  • A significant increase in specific electrical resistance occurs with an increase in the lanthanum content in the samples. This may be due to a change in the microstructure of the samples and a change in their phase composition.
  • It is advisable to use small additives of lanthanum to modify the properties of lithium ferrite with rare earth elements for its possible use in microwave technology.
156-166 651
Abstract

Objectives. To study the effect of varying lanthanum content in the Fe2O3–Li2O–La(OH)3 system on phase formation and corresponding structural and electromagnetic properties of a lithium-ferrite composite material obtained using high-temperature ceramic technology.

Methods. Following the addition of lanthanum occurred at the initial stage of mixing the Fe2O3/Li2CO3/La(OH)3 components in a certain weight ratio, the obtained samples were sent for preliminary synthesis at a temperature of 900°C for 240 min in an air atmosphere and sintering in a dilatometer at a temperature of 1100°C for 120 min. The microstructure and properties of the sintered composite samples were studied using X-ray phase analysis (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy.

Results. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a two-phase structure following solid-phase synthesis, consisting of the magnetic phase of lithium ferrite Li0.5Fe2.5O4 and the perovskite-like phase LaFeO3. XRD carried out after sintering showed that the hightemperature heating process did not affect the changes in the phase composition of the sample phases. Dilatometric shrinkage curves obtained after sintering showed that the addition of La reduces the rate of compaction of the samples at the stage of their heating. The sintered samples were characterized by a density of 4.34, 3.84, 3.93 g/cm3 and a porosity of 0.7, 16, and 18%, respectively, having an increased mass content of La(OH)3 at the synthesis stage. A decrease in the grain sizes was also observed. An increase in the amount of lanthanum hydroxide La(OH)3 additive from 0 to 4.4 and 13.9 wt % led to an increase in the concentration of the synthesized LaFeO3 phase in the samples to 4.2 and 16.6 wt %, resulting in decreased specific saturation magnetization values from 59.4 to 58.2 and 49.7 G∙cm3/g and the initial magnetic permeability from 41.6 to 22.8 and 19.5, respectively. TG and DSC showed that high-temperature sintering of lithium ferrite without additives leads to the predominant formation of the disordered b-phase Li0.5Fe2.5O4, which has a reduced Curie temperature of 626°C. This process is associated with a violation of the stoichiometric composition of the samples for lithium and oxygen due to the release of these elements from the samples during high-temperature sintering.

Conclusions. The high values of the Curie temperature of 631°C confirm that the addition of lanthanum during the production of lithium ferrite prevents the violation of the stoichiometric composition of the ferrite during sintering due to the construction of an additional LaFeO3 lattice. The addition of lanthanum was also found to lead to a significant increase in specific electrical resistance from 5 ∙ 102 to 6 ∙ 109 and 1 ∙ 1012 Ohm∙cm, which may be associated with both a change in the microstructure of the samples and a change in their phase composition.

  • Vibrational iterations prepared from water activated by an electrical signal can be classified into fractions.
  • Addition of electrochemically activated water or its vibrational iterations to intact water changes the physicochemical properties of water in different ways.
  • The activity of vibrational iterations depends on the parameters of the electrical signal used in the preparation of the initial substance.
167-184 702
Abstract

Objectives. It was recently discovered that water samples with modified physicochemical properties can be obtained by successive vibration treatment of intact water together with a solution of a substance located in separate closely spaced vials. We refer to such samples as iterations. By adding the vibrational iterations into the initial substance, the physicochemical properties of the latter are changed, i.e., they demonstrate post-vibration activity. In addition, it has been shown that vibrational iterations can be obtained using water treated with a magnetic field as the initial substance. On this basis, we may hypothesize that the phenomenon of post-vibration activity is universal. To confirm this hypothesis, water treated with an electric signal having various parameters (electrochemically activated water) was used as the initial substance for the preparation of vibrational iterations.

Methods. The physicochemical properties of vibrational iterations, which were obtained from electrochemically activated water, were studied by conductometry, terahertz spectroscopy, and radiometry. The effect of the initial substance or its vibrational iterations on intact water (a neutral carrier) was evaluated by dynamic light scattering. For this purpose, the intensity of light scattering by the sample and the hydrodynamic diameter of optical heterogeneities were measured. The attenuation coefficient of an additional electric signal applied to the samples was determined.

Results. The obtained vibrational iterations differ from intact water and their mixtures with intact water in terms of specific electrical conductivity, power flux density of microwave radiation, as well as in the contribution of the main (Debye) relaxation process to the overall dielectric response. Mixtures of vibrational iterations with water also differ from intact water in terms of the size of optical heterogeneities. By analogy with the vibrational iterations for which solutions of high- and low-molecular-weight substances were used as the initial substance, vibrational iterations obtained using electrochemically activated water can be classified into different groups (fractions) according to their physicochemical characteristics. Different degrees of changes in the physicochemical characteristics are observed depending on the parameters of the electric signal used to obtain the initial substance. The efficiency of electrical signal propagation in these mixtures, as estimated by the signal strength attenuation coefficient, is additionally changed. The addition of the initial substance (electrochemically activated water) to intact water also leads to changes in the physicochemical properties of the resulting mixture compared to the control. Depending on the parameters of the electric signal used to obtain the initial substance, the magnitude of changes in the physicochemical characteristics of these mixtures similarly varies.

Conclusions. The fundamental possibility of obtaining vibrational iterations from electrochemically activated water similarly to vibrational iterations prepared in other studies, was demonstrated. This confirms the universality of the phenomenon of post-vibration.

ERRATUM