Objectives. To study the patterns of behavior of morpholine and its trimethylsilyl derivative in reactions with trimethylsilyl isocyanate.
Methods. The study employed infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as elemental analysis.
Results. The formation of mixtures of tautomeric forms of silicon-containing urea—N-(trimethylsilyl) morpholine-4-carboxamide and trimethylsilylmorpholine-4-carboximidoate—was established.
Conclusions. It is shown that the composition and structure of the resulting products are determined both by the presence of a morpholine substituent at the nitrogen atom and by the type of isocyanate used. Unlike the trimethylsilyl derivative of morpholine, morpholine itself reacts with trimethylsilyl isocyanate to form a mixture of tautomeric forms.

Objectives. To evaluate the dynamics of the expression level of IL-1β and IL-28β (IFN-λ3) genes as a result of complex knockdown of some cellular genes, whose expression products play an important role in the reproduction of the influenza virus.
Methods. Following the collection of virus-containing liquid and cell lysate within three days from the moment of transfection and infection, the intensity of viral reproduction was assessed using the cytopathic effect titration method. The concentration of viral ribonucleic acid (vRNA) and change in the expression of IL-1β and IL-28β (IFN-λ3) were determined by real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-qPCR). The nonparametric Mann–Whitney test was used to statistically calculate significant differences between groups.
Results. The use of each small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) complex led to a decrease in viral reproduction on the first day at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001. The use of complex A (FLT4.2 + Nup98.1) and D (FLT4.2 + Nup98.1 + Nup205) led to a decrease in viral titer by 2.8 lgTCID50/mL and by 2.1 lgTCID50/mL relative to the use of nonspecific L2 siRNA and viral control (p ≤ 0.05). Transfection of complexes B (Nup98.1 + Nup205) and C (FLT4.2 + Nup205) also reduced the viral titer by 1.5 lgTCID50/mL and 1.8 lgTCID50/mL relative to nonspecific L2 siRNA and viral control (p ≤ 0.05). When conducting real-time RT-qPCR, a significant decrease in the concentration of viral RNA was also noted. When using complexes B, C, and D, the concentration of vRNA decreased on the first day by 14.5, 4.1, and 15 times, respectively. On the second day, a decrease in vRNA was observed in cells with B and D complexes by 17.1 and 18.3 times (p ≤ 0.05). Along with a decrease in the viral titer and vRNA, an increase in the expression of the IL-1β and IL-28β genes was observed on the first day when using all siRNA complexes relative to nonspecific and viral controls (p ≤ 0.05). On the second day, an increase was also observed in cells with A and D complexes, while on the third day, there was an increase in the expression of these genes in cells with complex D (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusions. The use of siRNA complexes is shown to have a pronounced antiviral effect while simultaneously suppressing the activity of cellular genes (FLT4, Nup98 and Nup205). In parallel, the transfection of complexes that block the formation of expression products necessary for viral reproduction is demonstrated to lead to an increase in the level of expression of the IL-1β and IL-28β genes. These results indicate not only that the use of siRNA has antiviral activity, but also immunomodulatory activity, which can contribute to a more effective immune response of the body.

Objectives. While organic and inorganic derivatives of selenium like thiol poisons are known to activate enzymes in cells of different organisms, the mechanism of enzyme activity induction is poorly studied. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of selenium compounds on peroxidase activity induction in maize tissues.
Methods. Mechanism of sulfhydryl groups blocking in selenium derivatives was studied on maize in comparison with fungicide tolylfluanid—a typical thiol poison. Electrolytes leakage was determined using conductometry and capillary electrophoresis, protein fractions—by the Ermakov–Durinina method, protein concentration—according to Bradford protein essay, and peroxidase activity—by the Boyarkin method.
Results. Diacetophenolylselenide (DAPS-25) was shown to react with SH-groups similarly with tolylfluanid fungicide. DAPS-25 increased K+ and leakage by 58 and 14 times, while appropriate increases for tolylfluanid were 4.4 and 1.5 times as compared to control. Increased total protein content—especially albumins—was due to electrolyte leakage from maize cells. DAPS-25 increased albumins concentration by 2.4–4.5 times, and tolylfluanid application by 2 times. Similar increase of peroxidase activity in maize roots and sprouts as a result of DAPS-25 (by 63% and 112%) and tolylfluanid (by 73% and 63%) application indicates close mechanism of their effect. Under DAPS-25 loading L-cysteine decreases peroxidase activity, which records the removal of SH-groups blockage. A less intensive effect was registered for sodium selenite and L-selenocystin, also capable of reacting with SH-groups. L-cysteine supplementation to DAPS-25 solution decreases selenium concentration in maize, indicating the decrease of selenium bioavailability.
Conclusions. The results indicated that selenium containing compounds react with SH-groups of maize cells increasing electrolytes leakage, protein content and especially albumins resulting in the increase of peroxidase activity.

Objectives. To synthesize phosphorus-containing oligoestermethacrylates spatially separated by spacers of aliphatic or aromatic structure and evaluate their effect on photocuring kinetics.
Methods. For determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of the synthesized compounds, the following methods were used: thin layer chromatography; chromatographic and mass spectrometry; infrared spectroscopy; 1H, 13C, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; differential scanning calorimetry. The dielectric loss tangent was determined on a specially designed optical cell with an ultraviolet (UV) light source to an immittance meter. Elemental analysis was performed on an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.
Results. Spatially separated oligoestermethacrylates based on phosphorus trichloride containing aliphatic or aromatic spacers in the structure were synthesized. During the interaction of glycidyl methacrylate with phosphorus trichloride in the mass of the latter, reaction products were shown to be formed both according to the Krasusky rule from the side of the α-carbon atom, as well as against this rule with the formation of isomeric products. Obtaining these compounds in bulk is possible only in the presence of a homopolymerization inhibitor. The influence of the spacer structure on the curing rate of oligoestermethacrylates under the action of UV radiation has been established. It has been shown that the introduction of a spacer into the oligomer structure is accompanied by an increase in the induction period by a factor of 39 compared to a sample without a spacer.
Conclusions. The results obtained indicate the possibility of obtaining new oligoestermethacrylates with aliphatic and aromatic spacers in the structure. The influence of the structure of the spacer on the kinetics of photocuring is determined.

Objectives. One of the most promising methods of treating malignant tumors is 10B-neutron capture therapy. While compounds based on cluster boron anions [B_nH_n]2− (n = 10, 12) are often used as boron-containing agents due to the very high specific concentration of boron atoms per particle, the use of such compounds is associated with the need to develop new methods for the functionalization of boron clusters associated with the production of boron-containing derivatives containing biologically active functional groups. One of the most convenient methods of modification of [B_nH_n]2− (n = 10, 12) anions is the interaction of their derivatives containing cyclic oxonium-type substituents with negatively charged or neutral nucleophilic reagents. The disclosure of substituents of this type leads to the formation of closo-borates with functional groups separated from the cluster by an alkoxyl spacer chain. The purpose of this study is to develop methods for the synthesis of derivatives of the closo-decaborate anion [B₁₀H₁₀]2− with pendant nitrogen-containing groups.
Methods. The general control of the reactions of the disclosure of cyclic substituents was carried out on the basis of ¹¹B nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy data. The structure of the obtained derivatives, including the nature of the attached functional groups, was determined using ¹H, ¹³C attached proton test (APT) NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy data. The molecular weight of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry (ESI–MS).
Results. The interaction of the anion [2-B₁0H₉O(CH₂)₄O]− with secondary amines (dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diallylamine, dibutylamine, diisobutylamine, morpholine, di-sec-butylamine) in an ethanol environment is investigated. As a result of the reactions, a cyclic substituent is shown to expand with the addition of a nucleophilic reagent. Seven new derivatives of the closodecaborate anion with pendant nitrogen-containing groups have been synthesized.
Conclusions. A developed method for obtaining closo-decaborates with ammonium groups separated from the boron cluster by an alkoxyl spacer group is presented. It is shown that the use of amines of various structures does not fundamentally affect the course of the reactions, allowing the composition and structure of the target derivatives to be effectively regulated. The resulting compounds can be involved in further modification reactions due to a reactive pendant group, as well as being suitable for use as effective polydentate ligands. Closo-decaborates with pendant nitrogen-containing groups and their derivatives are of considerable interest in the synthesis of compounds for use in 10B-neutron capture therapy of malignant tumors.

Objectives. To obtain experimental data on the effect of activating additive type on the cold sintering process of (MnFeCoNiCu)₃O₄ high-entropy ceramic. The following substances were used as activating additives: ammonium acetate (CH₃COONH₄), acetic acid (CH₃COOH), ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), potassium fluoride dihydrate (КF·2H₂O), lithium fluoride (LiF), sodium fluoride (NaF), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Methods. Synthesis of the initial powder by low-temperature self-propagating method; investigation of the powder particles size distribution by laser diffraction method; analysis of the particle shape and compacted sample microstructure by scanning electron microscopy; investigation of the phase composition by X-ray phase analysis; high-entropy ceramic sample consolidation by cold sintering process. The density of the initial powder and the relative density of cold sintered samples were determined by the Archimedes method.
Results. Samples with a relative density of over 0.70 were obtained using distilled water, CH₃COONH₄ and NaOH during cold sintering at 300 °C, with a holding time of 30 min and pressure 315 MPa.
Conclusions. For the first time, the effect of the type of activating additive on the relative density of high-entropy ceramics (MnFeCoNiCu)₃O₄ samples obtained by cold sintering process has been experimentally demonstrated. The samples microstructures have pronounced differences: 20 wt % distilled water does not lead to grain growth, with only their compaction to 0.71 relative density observed; however, the addition of 0.1 wt % CH₃COONH₄ and NaOH increases the average grain size when reaching similar relative densities (0.70 and 0.71, respectively). X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the cold sintering process does not lead to a change in the phase composition of the initial (MnFeCoNiCu)₃O₄ powder, confirming the preservation of the high-entropy structure.

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