Структура и биологическое действие аналогов и производных биогенных полиаминов

Цели. Биогенные полиамины широко представлены в живой природе. Они характерны как для клеток простейших, так и для многоклеточных организмов. Данные соединения обладают широким спектром биологической активности и необходимы для нормального роста и развития клеток. Нарушение гомеостаза полиаминов может вызывать существенные отклонения в функционировании клетки, провоцируя протекание патологических процессов различного рода, включая онкологические и психоневрологические заболевания. Воздействие на «полиаминовый путь» является привлекательным базисом для создания ряда фармакологически активных веществ с различным спектром действия. Целью данного обзора является обобщение результатов исследований, посвященных изучению биологической активности соединений полиаминового ряда; сопоставление биологического действия с воздействием на определенные молекулярные мишени. В виду структурного многообразия данной группы веществ невозможно в полной мере отразить имеющиеся на сегодняшний момент данные в одном обзоре. Поэтому в настоящей работе основное внимание уделено производным насыщенных полиаминов ациклического строения.
Результаты. В общем виде рассмотрены следующие аспекты: биологическая активность, биосинтез и катаболизм, клеточный транспорт и локализация биогенных полиаминов в живых системах. Представлены структурные аналоги и производные биогенных полиаминов, обладающие противоопухолевой, нейропротекторной, антиаритмической, противопаразитарной, антибактериальной и некоторыми другими видам биологической активности; отражена взаимосвязь между биологической активностью и мишенями воздействия. Установлено, что на характер воздействия большое влияние оказывает природа заместителя, количество катионных центров, а также длина полиаминовой цепи.
Выводы. В настоящее время применение структур полиаминового ряда сдерживается наличием цитотоксичности, а также неспецифического токсического воздействия на ЦНС. Дальнейшие исследования в области биохимии, клеточного транспорта, а также более глубокое понимание механизмов рецепторного взаимодействия позволят использовать полиамины в качестве основы для создания потенциальных лекарственных препаратов.

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