<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">chemicallytech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Fine Chemical Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тонкие химические технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2410-6593</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7575</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MIREA – Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA).</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">chemicallytech-449</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХИМИЯ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Bacterial endotoxins properties and methods of removing them from biopharmaceutical drugs</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Свойства бактериальных эндотоксинов и методы их удаления из биофармацевтических препаратов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журавко</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuravko</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кафедра Биотехнологии и бионанотехнологии, аспирант</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nastasya_Zh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Швец</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shvets</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кафедра Биотехнологии и бионанотехнологии, заведующий кафедрой, академик РАН</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МИТХТ им. М.В. Ломоносова, 119571, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, д. 86</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies, 86, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow 119571</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>08</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Zhuravko A.S., Shvets V.I., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Журавко А.С., Швец В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhuravko A.S., Shvets V.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/449">https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/449</self-uri><abstract><p>The production of biopharmaceutical proteins by means of Escherichia coli cultivation leads to contamination with bacterial endotoxins which are very toxic and pyrogenic impurities. The final product purification from these impurities is one of the most important tasks in the production of biopharmaceutical drugs. However, isolation of proteins from cellular biomass results in the formation of strong endotoxin-protein complexes that considerably complicate the task of obtaining pharmaceutical safely drugs. The goal of the present mini-review consisted in considering and discussing effective methods of removing bacterial endotoxins from protein solutions on the basis of their chemical and biological properties.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В мини-обзоре рассматриваются химические и биологические свойства бактериальных эндо- токсинов и современные наиболее удобные и эффективные методы удаления их из био-фармацевтических препаратов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генно-инженерные белки</kwd><kwd>бактериальные эндотоксины</kwd><kwd>липополисахариды (ЛПС)</kwd><kwd>способы очистки</kwd><kwd>токсичные примеси</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>recombinant proteins</kwd><kwd>protein solutions</kwd><kwd>bacterial endotoxins</kwd><kwd>lipopolysaccharides</kwd><kwd>toxic impurity.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen L., Mozier N. Comparison of Limulus amebocyte lysate test methods for endotoxin measurement in protein solutions // J. Pharm. &amp; Biomed. Analysis. 2013. V. 80. P. 180-185.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen L., Mozier N. Comparison of Limulus amebocyte lysate test methods for endotoxin measurement in protein solutions // J. Pharm. &amp; Biomed. Analysis. 2013. V. 80. P. 180-185.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daneshiam M., Guenther A., Wendel A., Hartung T., Von Aulock S. In vitro pyrogen test for toxic or immunomodulatory drugs // J. Immunol. Meth. 2006. V. 313. P. 169-175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daneshiam M., Guenther A., Wendel A., Hartung T., Von Aulock S. In vitro pyrogen test for toxic or immunomodulatory drugs // J. Immunol. Meth. 2006. V. 313. P. 169-175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levin J., Bang F.B. The role of endotoxin in the extracellular coagulation of Limulus blood // Bull. Johns Hosp. 2004. V. 115. P. 265-274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levin J., Bang F.B. The role of endotoxin in the extracellular coagulation of Limulus blood // Bull. Johns Hosp. 2004. V. 115. P. 265-274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erridge C., Bennett-Guerrero E., Poxton I.R. Structure and function of lipopolysaccharides // Microbes &amp; Infection. 2005. V. 4. P. 837-851.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erridge C., Bennett-Guerrero E., Poxton I.R. Structure and function of lipopolysaccharides // Microbes &amp; Infection. 2005. V. 4. P. 837-851.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogikubo Y., Ogikubo Y., Norimatsu M., Noda K., Takahashi J., Inotsume M., Tsuchiya M. Evaluation of the bacterial endotoxin test for quantification of endotoxin contamination of porcine vaccines // Biologicals. 2004. V. 32. P. 88-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogikubo Y., Ogikubo Y., Norimatsu M., Noda K., Takahashi J., Inotsume M., Tsuchiya M. Evaluation of the bacterial endotoxin test for quantification of endotoxin contamination of porcine vaccines // Biologicals. 2004. V. 32. P. 88-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiske J.M., Ross A., Meid R.K., McMichael J.C., Arumugham M. Method for reducing endotoxin in Moraxella catarrhalis UspA2 protein preparations // J. Chrom. B. 2007. V. 753. P. 269-278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiske J.M., Ross A., Meid R.K., McMichael J.C., Arumugham M. Method for reducing endotoxin in Moraxella catarrhalis UspA2 protein preparations // J. Chrom. B. 2007. V. 753. P. 269-278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ситников А.Г., Травина Л.А., Багирова В.Л. ЛАЛ-тест. Современные подходы к определению пирогенности. М., 1997. 96 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ситников А.Г., Травина Л.А., Багирова В.Л. ЛАЛ-тест. Современные подходы к определению пирогенности. М., 1997. 96 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin M.F., Williams C., Murray M.V., Ropp P.A. Removal of lipopolysaccharides from protein lipopolysaccharide complex by nonflammable solvents // J. Chrom. B. 2005. V. 816. P. 167-174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin M.F., Williams C., Murray M.V., Ropp P.A. Removal of lipopolysaccharides from protein lipopolysaccharide complex by nonflammable solvents // J. Chrom. B. 2005. V. 816. P. 167-174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Co T.U.I., Hope D., Scrift M.H., Powers J. Purified pyrogen from Eberthella typhosa. A preliminary report on its preparation and its chemical and biologic characterization // J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1944. V. 29. P. 58-62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Co T.U.I., Hope D., Scrift M.H., Powers J. Purified pyrogen from Eberthella typhosa. A preliminary report on its preparation and its chemical and biologic characterization // J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1944. V. 29. P. 58-62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magalhaes P.O., Lopes A.M., Mazzola P.G., Rangel-Yagui C., Penna T.C.V. Pessoa A.Jr. Methods of endotoxin removal from biological preparation: A review // J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci. 2007. V. 10. P. 388-404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magalhaes P.O., Lopes A.M., Mazzola P.G., Rangel-Yagui C., Penna T.C.V. Pessoa A.Jr. Methods of endotoxin removal from biological preparation: A review // J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci. 2007. V. 10. P. 388-404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirayama C., Sakata M. Chromatographic removal of endotoxin from protein solutions by polymer particles // J. Chrom. B. 2002. V. 781. P. 419-432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirayama C., Sakata M. Chromatographic removal of endotoxin from protein solutions by polymer particles // J. Chrom. B. 2002. V. 781. P. 419-432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raetz C.R., Ulevitch R.J., Wright S.D., Sibley C.H., Ding A., Nathan C.F. Gram-negative endotoxin: Аn extraordinary lipid with profound effects on eukaryotic signal transduction // FASEB J. 1991. V. 5. № 12. P. 2652-2660.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raetz C.R., Ulevitch R.J., Wright S.D., Sibley C.H., Ding A., Nathan C.F. Gram-negative endotoxin: Аn extraordinary lipid with profound effects on eukaryotic signal transduction // FASEB J. 1991. V. 5. № 12. P. 2652-2660.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petsch D., Anspach F.B. Endotoxin removal from protein solutions // J. Biotechnol. 2005. V. 76. P. 97-119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petsch D., Anspach F.B. Endotoxin removal from protein solutions // J. Biotechnol. 2005. V. 76. P. 97-119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohno N., Morrison D.C. Lipopolysaccharide interaction with lysozyme: Binding of lipopolysaccharide to lysozyme and inhibition of lysozyme enzymatic activity // J. Biol. Chem. 1989. V. 264. P. 4434-4441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohno N., Morrison D.C. Lipopolysaccharide interaction with lysozyme: Binding of lipopolysaccharide to lysozyme and inhibition of lysozyme enzymatic activity // J. Biol. Chem. 1989. V. 264. P. 4434-4441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hou K.C., Zaniewski R. Depyrogenation by endotoxin removal with positively charged depth filter cartridge // J. Parenteral Sci. Technol. 1990. V. 44. P. 204-209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hou K.C., Zaniewski R. Depyrogenation by endotoxin removal with positively charged depth filter cartridge // J. Parenteral Sci. Technol. 1990. V. 44. P. 204-209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forehand J.R., Pabst M.J., Phillips W.A., Johnston J.B. Lipopolysaccharide priming of human neutrophils for an enhanced respiratory burst. Role of intracellular free calcium // J. Clin. Investig. 1989. V. 83. P. 74-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forehand J.R., Pabst M.J., Phillips W.A., Johnston J.B. Lipopolysaccharide priming of human neutrophils for an enhanced respiratory burst. Role of intracellular free calcium // J. Clin. Investig. 1989. V. 83. P. 74-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rietschel E.T., Kirikae T., Schade F.U., Mamat U., Schmidt G, Loppnow H., Ulmer A.J., Zahringer U., Seydel U., Di Padova F. Bacterial endotoxin: Molecular relationships of structure to activity and function // FASEB J. 1994. V. 8. P. 217-225.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rietschel E.T., Kirikae T., Schade F.U., Mamat U., Schmidt G, Loppnow H., Ulmer A.J., Zahringer U., Seydel U., Di Padova F. Bacterial endotoxin: Molecular relationships of structure to activity and function // FASEB J. 1994. V. 8. P. 217-225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schromm A.B., Brandenburg K., Loppnow H., Moran A.P., Koch M.H.J., Rietschel E.T., Seydel U. Biological activities of lipopolysaccharides are determined by the shape of their lipid A portion // Eur. J. Biochem. 2000. V. 267. P. 2008-2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schromm A.B., Brandenburg K., Loppnow H., Moran A.P., Koch M.H.J., Rietschel E.T., Seydel U. Biological activities of lipopolysaccharides are determined by the shape of their lipid A portion // Eur. J. Biochem. 2000. V. 267. P. 2008-2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma S.K. Endotoxin detection and elimination in biotechnology // Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 1986. V. 1. P. 5-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma S.K. Endotoxin detection and elimination in biotechnology // Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 1986. V. 1. P. 5-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reichelt P., Schwarz C., Donzeau M. Single step protocol to purify recombinant proteins with low endotoxin contents // Protein Expr. Purif. 2006. V. 46. P. 483-488.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reichelt P., Schwarz C., Donzeau M. Single step protocol to purify recombinant proteins with low endotoxin contents // Protein Expr. Purif. 2006. V. 46. P. 483-488.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sweadner K.J., Forte M., Nelsen L.L. Filtration removal of endotoxin [pyrogens] in solution in different states of aggregation // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1977. V. 34. № 4. P. 382-385.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sweadner K.J., Forte M., Nelsen L.L. Filtration removal of endotoxin [pyrogens] in solution in different states of aggregation // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1977. V. 34. № 4. P. 382-385.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berthold W., Walter J. Protein purification: Aspects of processes for pharmaceutical products // Biologicals. 1994. V. 22. P. 135-150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berthold W., Walter J. Protein purification: Aspects of processes for pharmaceutical products // Biologicals. 1994. V. 22. P. 135-150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гусаров Д.А. Способы очистки биофармацевтических белков от эндотоксинов клеточной стенки // Биофарм. журн. 2009. Т. 1. № 3. С. 10-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Гусаров Д.А. Способы очистки биофармацевтических белков от эндотоксинов клеточной стенки // Биофарм. журн. 2009. Т. 1. № 3. С. 10-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shukla A.K., Schauer R. Determination of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO), N-acetylneuraminic acid, and their derivatives by ion-exchange liquid chromatography // Carbohydrate Res. 1985. V. 140. P. 1-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shukla A.K., Schauer R. Determination of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO), N-acetylneuraminic acid, and their derivatives by ion-exchange liquid chromatography // Carbohydrate Res. 1985. V. 140. P. 1-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen R.H., Huang C.-Jr., Newton B.S., Ritter G., Old L.J., Batt C.A. Factors affecting endotoxin removal from recombinant therapeutic proteins by anion exchange chromatography // Protein Expr. &amp; Purif. 2009. V. 64. № 1. P. 76-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen R.H., Huang C.-Jr., Newton B.S., Ritter G., Old L.J., Batt C.A. Factors affecting endotoxin removal from recombinant therapeutic proteins by anion exchange chromatography // Protein Expr. &amp; Purif. 2009. V. 64. № 1. P. 76-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brass D.M., Savov J.D., Whitehead G.S., Maxwell A.B., Schwartz D.A. LPS binding protein is important in the airway response to inhaled endotoxin // J. Allergy &amp; Clin. Immunol. 2004. V.114. № 3. P. 586-592.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brass D.M., Savov J.D., Whitehead G.S., Maxwell A.B., Schwartz D.A. LPS binding protein is important in the airway response to inhaled endotoxin // J. Allergy &amp; Clin. Immunol. 2004. V.114. № 3. P. 586-592.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson M.J., Haggart C.L., Gallagher S.P., Walsh D. Removal of tightly bound endotoxin from biological products // J. Biotechnol. 2001. V. 88. № 1. P. 67-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson M.J., Haggart C.L., Gallagher S.P., Walsh D. Removal of tightly bound endotoxin from biological products // J. Biotechnol. 2001. V. 88. № 1. P. 67-75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dismer F., Hubbuch J. 3D structure-based protein retention prediction for ion-exchange chromatography // J. Chromatogr. A. 2010. V. 1217. № 8. P. 1343-1353.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dismer F., Hubbuch J. 3D structure-based protein retention prediction for ion-exchange chromatography // J. Chromatogr. A. 2010. V. 1217. № 8. P. 1343-1353.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oelmeier S.A., Dismer, F., Hubbuch J. Molecular dynamics simulations on aqueous two-phase systems - Single PEG-molecules in solution // BMC Biophys. 2012. V. 5. P. 1-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oelmeier S.A., Dismer, F., Hubbuch J. Molecular dynamics simulations on aqueous two-phase systems - Single PEG-molecules in solution // BMC Biophys. 2012. V. 5. P. 1-14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anspach F.B. Endotoxin removal by affinity sorbents // J. Biochem. &amp; Biophys. Meth. 2001. V. 49. P. 665-681.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anspach F.B. Endotoxin removal by affinity sorbents // J. Biochem. &amp; Biophys. Meth. 2001. V. 49. P. 665-681.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hjelmeland L.M., Klee W.A., Osborne J.C. A new class of nonionic detergents with a gluconamide polar group // Anal. Biochem. 1983. V. 15. № 130. P. 485-490.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hjelmeland L.M., Klee W.A., Osborne J.C. A new class of nonionic detergents with a gluconamide polar group // Anal. Biochem. 1983. V. 15. № 130. P. 485-490.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang Y., Luo R. G. Effects of ionic strength and pH on endotoxin removal efficiency and protein recovery in an affinity chromatography // Process Biochem. 2000. V. 36. № 1-2. P. 85-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang Y., Luo R. G. Effects of ionic strength and pH on endotoxin removal efficiency and protein recovery in an affinity chromatography // Process Biochem. 2000. V. 36. № 1-2. P. 85-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molvig J., Baek L. Removal of endotoxin from culture media by a polymyxin B sepharose column // J. Immunol. 1987. V. 26. P. 611-619.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molvig J., Baek L. Removal of endotoxin from culture media by a polymyxin B sepharose column // J. Immunol. 1987. V. 26. P. 611-619.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Issekutz A. Removal of gram-negative endotoxin from solutions by affinity chromatography // J. Immunol. Meth. 1983. V. 61. P. 275-281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Issekutz A. Removal of gram-negative endotoxin from solutions by affinity chromatography // J. Immunol. Meth. 1983. V. 61. P. 275-281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei Z., Huang W., Li J., Hou G., Fang J., Yuan Z. Studies on endotoxin removal mechanism of adsorbents with amino acid ligands // J. Chrom. B. 2007. V. 852. P. 288-292.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei Z., Huang W., Li J., Hou G., Fang J., Yuan Z. Studies on endotoxin removal mechanism of adsorbents with amino acid ligands // J. Chrom. B. 2007. V. 852. P. 288-292.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мартынов В.Б. Экстракция органическими кислотами и их щелочами. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1989. 272 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мартынов В.Б. Экстракция органическими кислотами и их щелочами. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1989. 272 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зотов Ю.А. Экстракция внутрикомплексных соединений. М.: Наука. 1968. 313 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Зотов Ю.А. Экстракция внутрикомплексных соединений. М.: Наука. 1968. 313 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu C.L., Kamei D.T., King J.A., Wang D.I.C., Blankschtein D. Separation of proteins and viruses using two-aqueous micellar systems // J. Chrom B. 1998. V. 711. P. 127-138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu C.L., Kamei D.T., King J.A., Wang D.I.C., Blankschtein D. Separation of proteins and viruses using two-aqueous micellar systems // J. Chrom B. 1998. V. 711. P. 127-138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopes A.M., Magalhaes P.O., Mazzola P.G., Rangel-Yagui C., Penna T.C.V. Pessoa A. LPS removal from an E. coli fermentation broth using aqueous two-phase micellar system // Biotechnol. Prog. 2010. V. 26. № 6. P. 1644-1653.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopes A.M., Magalhaes P.O., Mazzola P.G., Rangel-Yagui C., Penna T.C.V. Pessoa A. LPS removal from an E. coli fermentation broth using aqueous two-phase micellar system // Biotechnol. Prog. 2010. V. 26. № 6. P. 1644-1653.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu C.L., Nikas Y.J., Blankschtein D. Novel bioseparations using two-phase aqueous micellar systems // Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1996. V. 52. P. 185-192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu C.L., Nikas Y.J., Blankschtein D. Novel bioseparations using two-phase aqueous micellar systems // Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1996. V. 52. P. 185-192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aida Y., Pabst M.J. Removal of endotoxin from protein solutions by phase separation using Triton X-114 // J. Immunol. Meth. 1990. V. 14. № 6. P. 191-195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aida Y., Pabst M.J. Removal of endotoxin from protein solutions by phase separation using Triton X-114 // J. Immunol. Meth. 1990. V. 14. № 6. P. 191-195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
