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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">chemicallytech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Fine Chemical Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тонкие химические технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2410-6593</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7575</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MIREA – Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA).</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32362/2410-6593-2025-20-5-430-440</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">AHUIDO</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">chemicallytech-2300</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХИМИЯ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Enhanced ibuprofen loading capacity of chitosan nanoparticles for prolonged release: A comprehensive study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Комплексное исследование способности наночастиц хитозана к пролонгированному высвобождению ибупрофена</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1606-4522</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Do</surname><given-names>N.H.N</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Do</surname><given-names>N.H.N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Nga H.N. Do, PhD, Faculty of Chemical Engineering</p><p>268 LyThuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City; Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City</p><p> Scopus Author ID 57211145353</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nga H.N. Do, PhD, Faculty of Chemical Engineering</p><p>268 LyThuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City; Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City</p><p> Scopus Author ID 57211145353</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dnhnga.sdh21@hcmut.edu.vn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Vo</surname><given-names>P.K.T.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vo</surname><given-names>P.K.T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Phuong Khanh Thy Vo, Undergraduate Student</p><p>268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City; Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Phuong Khanh Thy Vo, Undergraduate Student</p><p>268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City; Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khanh.vokthh21@hcmut.edu.vn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Le</surname><given-names>T.V.N.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Le</surname><given-names>T.V.N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Thanh V.N. Le, Bachelor of Chemical Engineering</p><p>268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City; Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Thanh V.N. Le, Bachelor of Chemical Engineering</p><p>268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City; Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">thanh.le10102002@hcmut.edu.vn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Vuong</surname><given-names>H.D.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vuong</surname><given-names>H.D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Hung D. Vuong, Bachelor of Chemical Engineering</p><p>268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City; Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Hung D. Vuong, Bachelor of Chemical Engineering</p><p>268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City; Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hung.vuongvdh272@hcmut.edu.vn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>T.P.T.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>T.P.T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Trang P.T. Nguyen, Bachelor of Chemical Engineering,</p><p>268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City; Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Trang P.T. Nguyen, Bachelor of Chemical Engineering,</p><p>268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City; Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trang.nguyen200502@hcmut.edu.vn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Le</surname><given-names>P.K.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Le</surname><given-names>P.K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Phung K. Le, Associate Professor, Dr. of Chemical Engineering</p><p>Ho Chi Minh City</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Phung K. Le, Associate Professor, Dr. of Chemical Engineering</p><p>Ho Chi Minh City</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ltk.phung@hutech.edu.vn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7919-4028</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ha</surname><given-names>А.C.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ha</surname><given-names>A.C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Anh C. Ha, Associate Professor, Dr. of Chemical Engineering</p><p>268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City</p><p>Scopus Author ID 56485522100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anh C. Ha, Associate Professor, Dr. of Chemical Engineering</p><p>268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hcanh@hcmut.edu.vn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT); Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward</institution><country>Вьетнам</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT); Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward</institution><country>Viet Nam</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>CIRTech Institute, HUTECH University</institution><country>Вьетнам</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>CIRTech Institute, HUTECH University</institution><country>Viet Nam</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>430</fpage><lpage>440</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Do N., Vo P., Le T., Vuong H., Nguyen T., Le P., Ha A., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Do N., Vo P., Le T., Vuong H., Nguyen T., Le P., Ha А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Do N., Vo P., Le T., Vuong H., Nguyen T., Le P., Ha A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/2300">https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/2300</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. Oral administration of ibuprofen often requires much higher doses than the necessary therapeutic dose due to the low solubility and first-pass metabolism of this anti-inflammatory drug. In order to improve its solubility and bioavailability, orally administered ibuprofen can be encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles. The release of ibuprofen from chitosan nanoparticles can be pH-controlled to increase drug delivery efficiency when passing through the gastrointestinal tract. While ionic gelation provides versatile nanochitosan synthesis, the impact of the chitosan-to-tripolyphosphate (CS/TPP) ratio on encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) of the ibuprofen-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (IBU-CSNPs), as well as their release behavior under various pH conditions, remains unexplored. The study aims to determine the appropriate CS/TPP ratio for the highest EE and LC, as well as to evaluate the morphology, release behavior, and degradability of the IBU-CSNPs under optimal conditions.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The effect of CS/TPP ratio on the EE and LC of nanoparticle-loaded ibuprofen is studied by comparing the total and free concentrations of the drug and the weights of the CSNPs and IBU-CSNPs. To elucidate the characteristic properties of the IBU-CSNPs prepared at the optimal CS/TPP ratio, in-depth characterization was performed, including their morphology, chemical structure, crystallinity profile, in vitro degradation, and release behavior. The release profile of the IBU-CSNPs is studied under simulated gastric fluid (SGF), intestinal fluid (SIF), and sequential conditions of SGF and SIF.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. EE and LC were found to be significantly enhanced by an appropriate 1 : 1 mg/mg ratio, reaching 77.70 ± 0.65% and 46.62 ± 0.39%, respectively. The fabricated IBU-CSNPs exhibit a spherical shape with a uniform size distribution of approximately 50–60 nm and accelerated degradation compared to the unadulterated chitosan nanoparticles under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The synthesized IBU-CSNPs demonstrate remarkable acid resistance by a minimal drug release of 9.44% in SGF after 3 h. However, a sustained release pattern in SIF achieves an equilibrium cumulative release of 94.51% over 5 days. The elaboration of drug release kinetics using the Kopcha and Korsmeyer–Peppas models suggests erosion-controlled release in SGF and diffusion-controlled release with swellable ability in SIF.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The results represent valuable insights into the formulation of pH-responsive IBU-CSNPs for the controlled delivery of ibuprofen via oral administration.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цели</title><p>Цели. Пероральное применение ибупрофена часто требует значительно более высоких доз, чем необходимая терапевтическая доза, из-за низкой растворимости и быстрого метаболизма этого противовоспалительного препарата. Чтобы улучшить его растворимость и биодоступность, ибупрофен, вводимый перорально, может быть инкапсулирован в наночастицы хитозана. Для того, чтобы повысить эффективность доставки лекарства при прохождении через желудочно-кишечный тракт, можно регулировать высвобождение ибупрофена из наночастиц хитозана, контролируя рН. В то время как ионное гелеобразование обеспечивает универсальный синтез нанохитозана, влияние соотношения хитозана и триполифосфата (CS/TPP) на эффективность инкапсуляции и загрузочную способность наночастиц хитозана, содержащих ибупрофен (IBU-CSNPS), а также на их высвобождение при различных значениях рН, остается неизученным. Цель исследования — определить подходящее соотношение CS/TPP для получения наивысших значений инкапсуляции и загрузочной способности, а также оценить морфологию, характеристики высвобождения и способность к разложению IBU-CSNPS в оптимальных условиях.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Влияние соотношения CS/TPP на инкапсуляцию и загрузочную способность ибупрофена, содержащего наночастицы, изучают путем сравнения общей и свободной концентраций препарата и масс CSNP и IBU-CSNP. Для выяснения характерных свойств IBU-CSNPs, приготовленных при оптимальном соотношении CS/TPP, был проведен углубленный анализ, включающий их морфологию, химическую структуру, профиль кристалличности, разложение in vitro и поведение при высвобождении. Профиль высвобождения IBU-CSNPs изучался с помощью моделирования поведения IBU-CSNPs в желудочной и кишечной жидкостях, а также при последовательном введении в желудочную и кишечную жидкости.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Найдено, что инкапсуляция и загрузочная способность IBU-CSNPs значительно повышаются при соотношении CS/TPP = 1 : 1 мг/мг, достигая 77.70 ± 0.65% и 46.62 ± 0.39% соответственно. Модельные наночастицы IBU-CSNPs имеют сферическую форму с равномерным распределением по размерам (приблизительно 50–60 нм) и ускоренным разложением по сравнению с наночастицами чистого хитозана в условиях, имитирующих желудочно-кишечный тракт. Синтезированные IBU-CSNPs демонстрируют значительную кислотоустойчивость благодаря минимальному высвобождению лекарственного средства — 9.44% в желудочной жидкости через 3 часа. Однако при длительном нахождении в кишечной жидкости достигается равновесное кумулятивное высвобождение в размере 94.51% в течение 5 дней. Кинетика высвобождения лекарственного средства с использованием моделей Копча и Корсмейера–Пеппаса предполагает высвобождение с контролем эрозии в желудочной жидкости и высвобождение со способностью к набуханию и контролем диффузии в кишечной жидкости.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Полученные результаты представляют значительную ценность в разработке PH-чувствительных IBU-CSNPs для контролируемой доставки ибупрофена при пероральном приеме. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наночастицы хитозана</kwd><kwd>ибупрофен</kwd><kwd>высвобождение с регулируемым рН</kwd><kwd>эффективность инкапсуляции</kwd><kwd>несущая способность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chitosan nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>ibuprofen</kwd><kwd>pH-controlled release</kwd><kwd>encapsulation efficiency</kwd><kwd>loading capacity</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Nga H.N. Do was funded by the Master, PhD Scholarship Program of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), code VINIF.2023.TS.071. 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