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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">chemicallytech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Fine Chemical Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тонкие химические технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2410-6593</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7575</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MIREA – Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA).</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32362/2410-6593-2023-18-3-175-186</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">chemicallytech-1969</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХИМИЯ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Study of calcium-containing compounds as catalysts for the esterification of glycerol with higher carboxylic acids</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование кальцийсодержащих соединений в качестве катализаторов этерификации глицерина высшими карбоновыми кислотами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6301-0570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зотов</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zotov</surname><given-names>Yu. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зотов Юрий Львович, д.х.н., профессор кафедры технологии органического и нефтехимического синтеза</p><p>400005, Волгоград, пр-т им. В.И. Ленина, д. 28</p><p>Scopus Author ID 7003371961</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuriy L. Zotov, Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Professor, Department of Organic and Petrochemical Synthesis Technology</p><p>28, pr. im. V.I. Lenina, Volgograd, 400005</p><p>Scopus Author ID 7003371961 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ylzotov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8654-2382</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заправдина</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zapravdina</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заправдина Дарья Михайловна, ассистент кафедры технологии органического и нефтехимического синтеза</p><p>400005, Волгоград, пр-т им. В.И. Ленина, д. 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria M. Zapravdina, Assistant, Department of Organic and Petrochemical Synthesis Technology</p><p>28, pr. im. V.I. Lenina, Volgograd, 400005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zapravdinadasha94@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-422X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шишкин</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shishkin</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шишкин Евгений Вениаминович, д.х.н., профессор кафедры технологии органического и нефтехимического синтеза</p><p>400005, Волгоград, пр-т им. В.И. Ленина, д. 28</p><p>Scopus Author ID 7004314557</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy V. Shishkin, Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Professor, Department of Organic and Petrochemical Synthesis Technology</p><p>28, pr. im. V.I. Lenina, Volgograd, 400005</p><p>Scopus Author ID 7004314557 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shishkin@vstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-028X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Попов Юрий Васильевич, д.х.н., профессор кафедры технологии органического и нефтехимического синтеза</p><p>400005, Волгоград, пр-т им. В.И. Ленина, д. 28</p><p>Scopus Author ID 26028090100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuriy V. Popov, Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Professor, Department of Organic and Petrochemical Synthesis Technology</p><p>28, pr. im. V.I. Lenina, Volgograd, 400005</p><p>Scopus Author ID 26028090100 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iury.popov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Волгоградский государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Volgograd State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>175</fpage><lpage>186</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Zotov Y.L., Zapravdina D.M., Shishkin E.V., Popov Y.V., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зотов Ю.Л., Заправдина Д.М., Шишкин Е.В., Попов Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zotov Y.L., Zapravdina D.M., Shishkin E.V., Popov Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1969">https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1969</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. To investigate the catalytic activity of calcium-containing basic catalysts for the esterification of glycerol with higher carboxylic acids in order to develop a low-waste technology for the production of multifunctional additives, as well as to assess the possibility of using the reaction products for the processing of polyvinyl chloride.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The consumption of oleic acid during synthesis was monitored using a titrimetric method of analysis with visual indication. The structure of the synthesized calcium-containing catalysts was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy; elemental analysis was additionally performed for calcium glyceroxide. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the resulting mixtures of oleic acid glycerides were carried out using chromato-mass spectrometry. A sample of a multifunctional additive was tested in a model formulation of a medical plastic compound based on polyvinyl chloride.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It is shown that the catalytic activity of calcium derivatives in the reaction of esterification of glycerol with higher carboxylic acids increases in the series СаО &lt; Са(ОН)2 &lt; Ca(C17H33COO)2 &lt; Ca(C2H5O)2 &lt; Ca(C4H9O)2 &lt; Ca(C3H7O3)2, while the use of calcium glyceroxide as a catalyst in an amount from 1 to 6 mol % increases the conversion of carboxylic acid from 58 to 86% in 10 h of synthesis. However, varying the amount of calcium glyceroxide from 1.5 to 6 mol % results in no observed changes in the conversion of carboxylic acid. The multifunctional additive obtained by selecting calcium glyceroxide as a catalyst has a thermally stabilizing and plasticizing effect on the polymer composition. The introduction of the developed additive into the formulation of a polyvinyl chloride composition for medical purposes reduces the processing torque and time to reach the dry point. By combining these factors, energy costs during production were reduced by more than 11% compared to the control composition.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. It is established that calcium alcoholates catalyze the reaction of esterification of glycerol with oleic (or higher) acid to increase the conversion of the initial substances and selectivity for the formation of monoglycerides as compared with calcium oxide, hydroxide, and oleate. By optimizing the ratio of glycerol : oleic acid : calcium glyceroxide at 1 : 1 : 0.015, the maximum conversion of oleic acid of up to 86% in 10 h was obtained via synthesis. The proposed method for esterification of glycerol with higher carboxylic acids in the presence of a calcium-containing catalyst avoids the stage of purification from the catalyst to obtain a composition with multifunctional additive properties for the processing of polyvinyl chloride.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цели</title><p>Цели. Исследовать каталитическую активность кальцийсодержащих основных катализаторов для процесса этерификации глицерина высшими карбоновыми кислотами с целью разработки малоотходной технологии получения многофункциональных добавок. Провести оценку возможности применения продуктов реакции для переработки поливинилхлорида.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. За расходованием олеиновой кислоты во время синтеза наблюдали с использованием титриметрического метода анализа с визуальной индикацией. Строение синтезированных кальцийсодержащих катализаторов было подтверждено методом инфракрасной спектроскопии. Для глицерата кальция дополнительно был проведен элементный анализ. Количественный и качественный анализ полученных смесей глицеридов олеиновой кислоты проводили с использованием хромато-масс-спектрометрии. Образец многофункциональной добавки прошел испытания в модельной рецептуре пластиката медицинского назначения на основе поливинилхлорида.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Установлено, что каталитическая активность производных кальция в реакции этерификации глицерина высшими карбоновыми кислотами возрастает в ряду СаО &lt; Са(ОН)2 &lt; Ca(C17H33COO)2 &lt; Ca(C2H5O)2 &lt; Ca(C4H9O)2 &lt; Ca(C3H7O3)2, при этом использование глицерата кальция в качестве катализатора в количестве от 1 до 6 мол. % повышает конверсию карбоновой кислоты с 58 до 86% за 10 ч проведения синтеза. Обнаружено, что при изменении количества глицерата кальция от 1.5 до 6 мол. % конверсия карбоновой кислоты практически не меняется. Выбранный в ходе исследований глицерат кальция в качестве катализатора позволяет получить многофункциональную добавку, обладающую термостабилизирующим и пластифицирующим действием на полимерную композицию. Введение разработанной добавки в рецептуру поливинилхлоридной композиции медицинского назначения снижает при переработке крутящий момент и сокращает время достижения «сухой» точки. Оба этих фактора позволили снизить затраты энергии при выпуске продукции более чем на 11% по сравнению с контрольной композицией.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Установлено, что алкоголяты кальция катализируют реакцию этерификации глицерина олеиновой (или высшими) кислотой, повышают конверсию исходных веществ и селективность образования моноглицеридов по сравнению с оксидом, гидроксидом и олеатом кальция. Найдено, что оптимальное соотношение компонентов глицерин : олеиновая кислота : глицерат кальция составляет 1 : 1 : 0.015 и позволяет достичь максимальной конверсии олеиновой кислоты (до 86%) за 10 ч синтеза. Предложен способ этерификации глицерина высшими карбоновыми кислотами в присутствии кальцийсодержащего катализатора. Данный способ позволяет исключить стадию очистки от катализатора и получить композицию, обладающую свойствами многофункциональной добавки для переработки поливинилхлорида.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>этерификация</kwd><kwd>глицерин</kwd><kwd>олеиновая кислота</kwd><kwd>алкоголяты кальция</kwd><kwd>глицерат кальция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>esterification</kwd><kwd>glycerol</kwd><kwd>oleic acid</kwd><kwd>calcium alcoholates</kwd><kwd>calcium glyceroxide</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансировании Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках государственного задания (шифр проект FZUS-2021-0013) с использованием оборудования ЦКП «Физико-химические методы анализа» ВолгГТУ. Авторы выражают благодарность специалистам АО «Каустик» г. Волгоград за исследование многофункциональной добавки.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the State Assignment (project FZUS-2021-0013) and carried out using the equipment of the Central Collective Use Center “Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis” of the Volgograd State Technical University. The authors thank the specialists of JSC Kaustik, Volgograd, for the study of the multifunctional addive.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bockey D. The significance and perspective of biodiesel production–A European and global view. Oilseeds and fats, Crops and Lipids. 2019;26(40). https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2019042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bockey D. 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