chemicallytechFine Chemical TechnologiesТонкие химические технологии2410-65932686-7575MIREA – Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA).10.32362/2410-6593-2022-17-6-514-536chemicallytech-1912Research ArticleSYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF POLYMERS AND POLYMERIC COMPOSITESСИНТЕЗ И ПЕРЕРАБОТКА ПОЛИМЕРОВ И КОМПОЗИТОВ НА ИХ ОСНОВЕModern polymer composite materials for bone surgery: Problems and prospectsСовременные полимерные композиционные материалы для костной хирургии: проблемы и перспективыhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-4397ПоверновП. А.PovernovP. A.

Повернов Павел Алексеевич - аспирант, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории Физико-химии композиций природных и синтетических полимеров, Scopus Author ID 57210264564, ResearcherID ABC-5732-2021.

199334, Москва, ул. Косыгина, д.4

Pavel A. Povernov - Postgraduate Student, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Compositions of Synthetic and Natural Polymers, Scopus Author ID 57210264564, ResearcherID ABC-5732-2021.

4, Kosygina ul., Moscow, 119334

pav3444@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6805-4492ШибряеваЛ. С.ShibryaevaL. S.

Шибряева Людмила Сергеевна - доктор химических наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории Физикохимии композиций природных и синтетических полимеров, ФГБУН Институт биохимической физики им. Н.М. Эмануеля РАН; профессор кафедры Химии и технологии переработки эластомеров им. Ф.Ф. Кошелева Института тонких химических технологий им. М.В. Ломоносова ФГБОУ ВО «МИРЭА – РТУ, Scopus Author ID 7003539026, ResearcherID A-7634-2014.

199334, Москва, ул. Косыгина, д. 4; 119571, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, д. 86

Lyudmila S. Shibryaeva - Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Professor, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Compositions of Synthetic and Natural Polymers, N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, RAS; Professor, F.F. Koshelev Department of Chemistry and Technology of Processing of Elastomers, M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA – RTU, Scopus Author ID 7003539026, ResearcherID A-7634-2014.

4, Kosygina ul., Moscow, 119334; 86, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119571

lyudmila.shibryaeva@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9515-6347ЛюсоваЛ. Р.LusovaL. R.

Люсова Людмила Ромуальдовна - доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой Химии и технологии переработки эластомеров им. Ф.Ф. Кошелева, Scopus Author ID 6508196636, ResearcherID ABC-7835-2021.

119571, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, д. 86

Liudmila R. Lyusova - Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Head of the F.F. Koshelev Department of Chemistry and Technology of Processing of Elastomers, Scopus Author ID 6508196636, ResearcherID ABC-7835-2021.

86, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119571

luslr@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8006-6215ПоповА. А.PopovA. A.

Попов Анатолий Анатольевич - доктор химических наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией Физико-химии композиций природных и синтетических полимеров, заместитель директора по научно-образовательной работе, Scopus Author ID 7402986626, ResearcherID I-9835-2014.

199334, Москва, ул. Косыгина, д. 4

Anatoliy A. Popov - Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Compositions of Synthetic and Natural Polymers, Deputy Director for Scientific and Educational Work, Scopus Author ID 7402986626, ResearcherID I-9835-2014.

4, Kosygina ul., Moscow, 119334

popov@sky.chph.ras.ruИнститут биохимической физики им. Н.М. Эмануэля, Российская академия наукРоссияN.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationИнститут биохимической физики им. Н.М. Эмануэля, Российская академия наук; МИРЭА – Российский технологический университет, Институт тонких химических технологий им. М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияN.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; MIREA – Russian Technological University, M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical TechnologiesRussian FederationМИРЭА – Российский технологический университет, Институт тонких химических технологий им. М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияMIREA – Russian Technological University, M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical TechnologiesRussian FederationИнститут биохимической физики им. Н.М. Эмануэля, Российская академия наук; Российский экономический университет им. Г.В. ПлехановаРоссияN.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of EconomicsRussian Federation202224012023176514536Copyright © Povernov P.A., Shibryaeva L.S., Lusova L.R., Popov A.A., 20232023Повернов П.А., Шибряева Л.С., Люсова Л.Р., Попов А.А.Povernov P.A., Shibryaeva L.S., Lusova L.R., Popov A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1912Objectives

Objectives. To discuss the main problems and prospects of creating modern osteoplastic materials based on polymer compositions used for bone surgery.

Methods

Methods. This review summarizes the research works devoted to the creation of materials used for bone implants and issues involved in their practical testing, as well as analyzes and synthesizes data of scientific articles on the following topics: rationale for the use of biodegradable materials in bone surgery; biodegradation and bioreparation bone graft processes; requirements for degradable polymer composite materials (PCMs) for biomedical applications; overview of polymeric materials suitable for use in implant practice; impact of modifications of the PCM on the structure and biological activity of the material in biological media; effect of exhaust and heat treatment on the molecular structure of polyalkanoates.

Results

Results. The most promising biodegradable resorbable materials for reparative bone surgery to date are compared. The requirements for these types of materials are formulated and a rationale for their use is provided that takes into account the advantages over traditional metal and ceramic implants. The features of the kinetics and mechanism of biodegradation of implants in their interaction with the bone biological environment of the body from the moment of implant insertion to complete wound healing are considered. As a result of the analysis, factors that may affect the activity of implant decomposition and methods of adjusting the decomposition rate and mechanical characteristics of the material, such as chemical functionalization, the creation of block copolymers, the inclusion of fibers and mineral fillers in the composite, as well as heat treatment and extraction of the composite at the manufacturing stage, were identified. Among the main factors, the influence of the structure of the composite material on its biological activity during interaction with biological media was evaluated. Of polymer materials, the main attention is paid to the most common biodegradable polymers widely used in medicine: polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) of microbiological origin, polylactide (PLA) and other polymers based on polylactic acid, polycaprolactone (PCL). The effect of their modification by such additives as hydroxyapatite (HAP), chitin and chitosan, and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCF) is considered. Materials based on PHB are concluded as the most promising due to their complete biodegradability to non-toxic products (carbon dioxide and water) and good biocompatibility. Nevertheless, existing compositions based on PHB are not without disadvantages, which include fragility, low elasticity, unstable behavior under high-temperature exposure during processing, implant molding, sterilization, etc., which requires improvement both in terms of polymer modification and in terms of composition of compositions.

Conclusions

Conclusions. The review considers approaches to achieving the properties of materials required for perfect implants. The main requirements for implants are optimization of the time of resorption of the osteoplastic matrix, facilitating the resorption of the osteoplastic matrix synchronized in time with the process of bone regeneration. To achieve these requirements, it is necessary to apply technologies that include modification of polymer composite materials by affecting the chemical composition and structure; introduction of fillers; use of chemical functionalization, orientation extraction, heat treatment. The success of using bone materials based on biodegradable polymers is based on an accurate understanding of the mechanism of action of various components of the implant composition and strict compliance with the tightening regulatory requirements of implantation technology.

Цели

Цели. Обсуждение основных проблем и перспектив создания современных остеопластических материалов на основе полимерных композиций, используемых для костной хирургии.

Методы

Методы. Обзор суммирует научно-исследовательские работы, посвященные созданию материалов, применяемых для костных имплантатов, и их испытанию на практике, анализирует и обобщает данные научных статей по следующим разделам: обоснование использования биоразлагаемых материалов в костной хирургии; закономерности биодеградации и биорепарации костного имплантата; требования, предъявляемые к разлагаемым полимерным композиционным материалам (ПКМ) для биомедицинских применений; обзор полимерных материалов, пригодных для использования в имплантационной практике; влияние модификации ПКМ на структуру и биологическую активность материала в биосредах; влияние вытяжки и термической обработки на молекулярную структуру полиалканоатов.

Результаты

Результаты. Рассмотрены наиболее перспективные на сегодняшний день биоразлагаемые резорбируемые материалы для репаративной костной хирургии. Сформулированы требования, предъявляемые к данным типам материалов, и дано обоснование их использования с учетом преимуществ по сравнению с традиционными металлическими и керамическими имплантатами. Рассмотрены особенности кинетики и механизма биодеградации имплантатов при их взаимодействии с костными биосредами организма от момента введения имплантата до полного заживления раны. В результате проведенного анализа были установлены факторы, которые могут повлиять на активность разложения имплантата и методы корректировки скорости разложения и механических характеристик материала, такие как химическая функционализация, создание блок-сополимеров, включение в состав композита волокон и минеральных наполнителей, а также термообработка и вытяжка композита на стадии изготовления. Среди основных факторов было оценено влияние структуры композиционного материала на его биологическую активность при взаимодействии с биосредами. Из полимерных материалов основное внимание уделено наиболее распространенным биодеградируемым, широко используемым в медицине полимерам: полигидроксибутирату (ПГБ) микробиологического происхождения, полилактиду и другим полимерам на основе полимолочной кислоты, поликапролактону. Рассмотрены их модификации с такими добавками, как гидроксиапатит, хитин и хитозан и бета-трикальцийфосфат. По итогам работы наиболее перспективными оказались материалы на основе ПГБ благодаря его полной биоразлагаемости на нетоксичные для организма продукты (углекислый газ и вода) и хорошей биосовместимости. Тем не менее, существующие композиции на основе ПГБ имеют недостатки, к которым относятся хрупкость, низкая эластичность, нестабильное поведение при высокотемпературном воздействии при переработке, формовании имплантатов, стерилизации и др. Это требует доработки композиций как в плане модификации полимера, так и по составу.

Выводы

Выводы. В обзоре рассмотрены подходы к достижению свойств материалов, требуемых для совершенных имплантатов. Основными требованиями, предъявляемыми к имплантатам, являются оптимизация времени резорбции остеопластического матрикса, облегчение рассасывания остеопластического матрикса, синхронизированного по времени с процессом регенерации кости. Для достижения этих требований необходимо применять технологии, которые включают модификацию ПКМ путем воздействия на химический состав и структуру; введение наполнителей; использование химической функционализации, ориентационной вытяжки, термической обработки. Успех использования костных материалов на основе биодеградируемых полимеров основан на точном понимании механизма действия различных компонентов композиции для имплантата и строгом соответствии с ужесточающимися нормативными требованиями технологии имплантации.

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