<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">chemicallytech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Fine Chemical Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тонкие химические технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2410-6593</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7575</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MIREA – Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA).</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32362/2410-6593-2021-16-6-476-489</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">chemicallytech-1770</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БИОХИМИЯ И БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Knockdown of FLT4, Nup98, and Nup205 cellular genes as a suppressor for the viral activity of Influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) in A549 cell culture</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нокдаун клеточных генов FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205 как супрессор вирусной активности гриппа А/WSN/33 (H1N1) в культуре клеток А549</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5682-4581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пашков</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pashkov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пашков Евгений Алексеевич - аспирант, кафедра микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии, Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет); младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной иммунологии, НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова.</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, с. 2; 105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, д. 5А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny A. Pashkov - Postgraduate Student, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, I.M. Sechenov FMSMU (Sechenov University); Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, FSBSI “I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera”</p><p>8, Trubetskaya ul., Moscow, 119991; 5А, Malyi Kazennyi pereulok, Moscow, 105064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pashckov.j@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-5083</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Файзулоев</surname><given-names>Е. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Faizuloev</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Файзулоев Евгений Бахтиёрович - кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией молекулярной вирусологии.</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, д. 5А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny B. Faizuloev - Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Virology.</p><p>5А, Malyi Kazennyi pereulok, Moscow, 105064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6417-3301</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корчевая</surname><given-names>Е. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korchevaya</surname><given-names>E. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Корчевая Екатерина Романовна - младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной вирусологии.</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, д. 5А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina R. Korchevaya - Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Virology.</p><p>5А, Malyi Kazennyi pereulok, Moscow, 105064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">c.korchevaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4212-5093</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ртищев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rtishchev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ртищев Артём Андреевич - младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория РНК-содержащих вирусов.</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, д. 5А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem A. Rtishchev - Junior Researcher, Laboratory of RNA viruses.</p><p>5А, Malyi Kazennyi pereulok, Moscow, 105064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rtishchevartyom@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5803-6263</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черепович</surname><given-names>Б. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherepovich</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Черепович Богдан Сергеевич - младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория РНК-содержащих вирусов.</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, д. 5А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bogdan S. Cherepovich - Junior Researcher, Laboratory of RNA viruses.</p><p>5А, Malyi Kazennyy pereulok, Moscow, 105064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bogdancherepovich@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8962-4765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоров</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorov</surname><given-names>А. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сидоров Александр Викторович - кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией ДНК-содержащих вирусов.</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, д. 5А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Sidorov - Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head of the Laboratory of DNA viruses.</p><p>5А, Malyi Kazennyi pereulok, Moscow, 105064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sashasidorov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8962-4765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поддубиков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poddubikov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Поддубиков Александр Владимирович - кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией микробиологии условно-патогенных бактерий.</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, д. 5А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Poddubikov - Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head of the Laboratory of Microbiology of Opportunistic Pathogenic Bacteria.</p><p>5А, Malyi Kazennyi pereulok, Moscow, 105064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">poddubikov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8430-1975</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Быстрицкая</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bystritskaya</surname><given-names>Е. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Быстрицкая Елизавета Петровна - младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной вирусологии.</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, д. 5А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta P. Bystritskaya - Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology.</p><p>5А, Malyi Kazennyi pereulok, Moscow, 105064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lisabystritskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6269-2108</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дронина</surname><given-names>Ю. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dronina</surname><given-names>Yu. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дронина Юлия Евгеньевна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии, Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет; старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория легионеллеза, НИЦЭМ им. почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи.</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, с. 2; 123098, Москва, ул. Гамалеи, д. 18</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya E. Dronina - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, I.M. Sechenov FMSMU (Sechenov University); Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Legionellosis, N.F. Gamaleya NRC EM (The Gamaleya National Center).</p><p>8, Trubetskaya ul., Moscow, 119991; 18, Gamaleya ul., Moscow, 123098</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">droninayu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8099-6201</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Быков</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bykov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Быков Анатолий Сергеевич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии.</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, с. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoly S. Bykov - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Department of Virology and Immunology.</p><p>8, Trubetskaya ul., Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">9153183256@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Svitich</surname><given-names>O. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Свитич Оксана Анатольевна - чл.-корр. РАН, доктор медицинских наук, директор, заведующий лабораторией молекулярной иммунологии, НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова; профессор кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии, Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет).</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, с. 2; 105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, д. 5А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oxana A. Svitich - Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head FSBSI “I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera,” Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, FSBSI “I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera”; Professor, Department of Microbiolody, Virology and Immunology, I.M. Sechenov FMSMU (Sechenov University).</p><p>8, Trubetskaya ul., Moscow, 119991; 5А, Malyi Kazennyi pereulok, Moscow, 105064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svitichoa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-1892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зверев Виталий Васильевич, академик РАН, доктор биологических наук, научный руководитель НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова; заведующий кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии, Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет).</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, с. 2; 105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, д. 5А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaliy V. Zverev - Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Scientific Director FSBSI “I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera”; Head of the Department of Microbiolody, Virology and Immunology, I.M. Sechenov FMSMU (Sechenov University).</p><p>8, Trubetskaya ul., Moscow, 119991; 5А, Malyi Kazennyi pereulok, Moscow, 105064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vitalyzverev@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет); Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет); Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>476</fpage><lpage>489</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Pashkov E.A., Faizuloev E.B., Korchevaya E.R., Rtishchev A.A., Cherepovich B.S., Sidorov А.V., Poddubikov A.V., Bystritskaya Е.P., Dronina Y.E., Bykov A.S., Svitich O.А., Zverev V.V., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пашков Е.А., Файзулоев Е.Б., Корчевая Е.Р., Ртищев А.А., Черепович Б.С., Сидоров А.В., Поддубиков А.В., Быстрицкая Е.П., Дронина Ю.Е., Быков А.С., Свитич О.А., Зверев В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pashkov E.A., Faizuloev E.B., Korchevaya E.R., Rtishchev A.A., Cherepovich B.S., Sidorov А.V., Poddubikov A.V., Bystritskaya Е.P., Dronina Y.E., Bykov A.S., Svitich O.А., Zverev V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1770">https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1770</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. To evaluate the effect of cellular genes FLT4, Nup98, and Nup205 on the reproduction of the influenza A virus in A549 human lung cancer cell line.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The work was carried out using the equipment of the center for collective use of the I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera (Russia). The virus-containing fluid was collected within three days from the moment of transfection and infection and the intensity of viral reproduction was assessed by viral titration and hemagglutination reaction. The viral RNA concentration was determined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To calculate statistically significant differences between groups, the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test was used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In cells treated with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeted at FLT4, Nup98, and Nup205 genes, a significant decrease in their expression and indicators of viral reproduction (virus titer, hemagglutinating activity, viral RNA concentration) was observed at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 0.1. Additionally, it was found that a decrease in the expression of target genes using siRNA does not lead to a significant decrease in cell survival. The viral titer in cells treated with siRNA FLT4.2, Nup98.1, and Nup205 on the first day was lower by an average of 1.0 lg, and on the second and third days, by 2.2–2.3 lg, compared to cells treated with nonspecific siRNA. During real-time RT-PCR, a significant decrease in the concentration of viral RNA was observed with siRNA Nup98.1 (up to 190 times) and Nup205 (up to 30 times) on the first day, 26 and 29 times on the second day, and 6 and 30 times on the third day, respectively. For FLT4.2 siRNA, the number of viral RNA copies decreased by 23, 18, and 16 times on the first, second, and third days. Similar results were obtained when determining the hemagglutinating activity of the virus. The hemagglutinating activity on the third day most strongly decreased in cells treated with siRNA Nup205 and FLT4.2 (16 times). In cells treated with siRNA FLT4.1, Nup98.1, and Nup98.2, hemagglutinating activity decreased by 8 times.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. In the present study, three cellular genes (FLT4, Nup98, and Nup205) were identified—the decrease in the expression of which effectively suppresses viral reproduction— and the original siRNA sequences were obtained. The results obtained are important for creating therapeutic and prophylactic medication, whose action is based on the RNA interference mechanism.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цели</title><p>Цели. Оценка влияния подавления экспрессии клеточных генов FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205 на динамику репродукции вируса гриппа А в культуре легочных клеток человека А549.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Работа выполнена с использованием оборудования центра коллективного пользования Научно-исследовательского института вакцин и сывороток им И.И. Мечникова (Россия). Вируссодержащую жидкость отбирали в течение трех дней с момента трансфекции и заражения и оценивали интенсивность вирусной репродукции методами титрования по цитопатическому действию и в реакции гемагглютинации. Концентрацию вирусной РНК определяли методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) в реальном времени с обратной транскрипцией (ОТ-ПЦР-РВ). Для вычисления статистически значимых различий между группами использовали непараметрический критерий Манна–Уитни.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В клетках, обработанных малыми интерферирующими РНК (миРНК) к генам FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205, отмечалось достоверное подавление экспрессии целевых генов и показателей вирусной репродукции (титр вируса, гемагглютинирующая активность, концентрация вирусной РНК) при коэффициенте множественности заражения, равном 0.1. Дополнительно было установлено, что подавление экспрессии целевых генов с помощью миРНК не приводит к значительному снижению выживаемости клеток. Вирусный титр в клетках, обработанных миРНК FLT4.2, Nup98.1 и Nup205, на первые сутки был меньше в среднем на 1.0 lg, а на вторые и третьи – на 2.2–2.3 lg, по сравнению с клетками, обработанными неспецифической миРНК. При проведении ОТ-ПЦР-РВ отмечено достоверное уменьшение концентрации вирусной РНК с миРНК Nup98.1 (до 190 раз) и Nup205 (до 30 раз) на первые сутки, в 26 и в 29 раз на вторые и в 6 и 30 раз на третьи сутки, соответственно. Для миРНК FLT4.2 количество копий вирусной РНК уменьшилось в 23, 18 и 16 раз на первые, вторые и третьи сутки. Схожие результаты были получены при определении гемагглютинирующей активности вируса. Наиболее сильно, в 16 раз, гемагглютинирующая активность на третьи сутки снизилась в клетках, обработанных миРНК Nup205 и FLT4.2. В клетках, обработанных миРНК FLT4.1, Nup98.1 и Nup98.2, гемагглютинирующая активность уменьшилась в 8 раз.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. В ходе исследования были выявлены три клеточных гена (FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205), подавление экспрессии которых позволяет эффективно уменьшить вирусную репродукцию, а также получены оригинальные последовательности миРНК. Полученные результаты имеют важное значение для создания терапевтических и профилактических препаратов, чье действие основано на механизме РНК-интерференции.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гриппа А</kwd><kwd>РНК-интерференция</kwd><kwd>ген</kwd><kwd>матричная РНК</kwd><kwd>малые интерферирующие РНК</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Influenza A virus</kwd><kwd>RNA interference</kwd><kwd>gene</kwd><kwd>messenger RNA</kwd><kwd>small interfering RNAs</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают благодарность центру коллективного пользования НИИВС им И.И. Мечникова. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors are grateful to the Center for Shared Use of the I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hussain M., Galvin H.D., Haw T.Y., Nutsford A.N., Husain M. Drug resistance in influenza A virus: the epidemiology and management. Infect. Drug Resist. 2017 Apr 20;10:121–134. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S105473</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">. Hussain M., Galvin H.D., Haw T.Y., Nutsford A.N., Husain M. Drug resistance in influenza A virus: the epidemiology and management. Infect. Drug Resist. 2017 Apr 20;10:121–134. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S105473</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peasah S.K., Azziz-Baumgartner E., Breese J, Meltzer M.I., Widdowson MA. Influenza cost and cost-effectiveness studies globally – a review. Vaccine. 2013;31(46):5339–5348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peasah S.K., Azziz-Baumgartner E., Breese J, Meltzer M.I., Widdowson MA. Influenza cost and cost-effectiveness studies globally – a review. Vaccine. 2013;31(46):5339–5348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rezkalla S.H., Kloner R.A. Influenza-related viral myocarditis. WMJ. 2010;109(4):209–213. PMID: 20945722. URL: https://wmjonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/109/4/209.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezkalla S.H., Kloner R.A. Influenza-related viral myocarditis. WMJ. 2010;109(4):209–213. PMID: 20945722. URL: https://wmjonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/109/4/209.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nguyen J.L., Yang W., Ito K., Matte T.D., Shaman J., Kinney P.L. Seasonal Influenza Infections and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(3):274–281. PMID: 27438105; PMCID: PMC5158013 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0433</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyen J.L., Yang W., Ito K., Matte T.D., Shaman J., Kinney P.L. Seasonal Influenza Infections and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(3):274–281. PMID: 27438105; PMCID: PMC5158013 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0433</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ekstrand J.J. Neurologic complications of influenza. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 2012;19(3):96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2012.02.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ekstrand J.J. Neurologic complications of influenza. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 2012;19(3):96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2012.02.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edet A., Ku K., Guzman I., Dargham H.A. Acute Influenza Encephalitis/Encephalopathy Associated with Influenza A in an Incompetent Adult. Case Rep. Crit. Care. 2020;2020:6616805. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6616805</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edet A., Ku K., Guzman I., Dargham H.A. Acute Influenza Encephalitis/Encephalopathy Associated with Influenza A in an Incompetent Adult. Case Rep. Crit. Care. 2020;2020:6616805. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6616805</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Err H., Wiwanitkit V. Emerging H6N1 influenza infection: renal problem to be studied. Ren. Fail. 2014;36(4):662. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2014.883934</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Err H., Wiwanitkit V. Emerging H6N1 influenza infection: renal problem to be studied. Ren. Fail. 2014;36(4):662. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2014.883934</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ленева И.А., Егоров А.Ю., Фалынскова И.Н., Махмудова Н.Р., Карташова Н.П., Глубокова Е.А., Вартанова Н.О., Поддубиков А.В. Индукция вторичной бактериальной пневмонии у мышей при заражении пандемическим и лабораторным штаммами вируса гриппа H1N1. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2019;(1):68–74. https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2019-1-68-74</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leneva I.А., Egorov A.Yu., Falynskova I.N., Маkhmudоvа N.R., Kartashova N.P., Glubokova E.A., Vartanova N.O., Poddubikov A.V. Induction of secondary bacterial pneumonia in mice infected with pandemic and laboratory strains of the H1N1 influenza virus. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii i immunobiologii = Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2019;(1):68–74 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.36233/03729311-2019-1-68-74</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Metersky M.L., Masterton R.G., Lode H., File T.M. Jr., Babinchak T. Epidemiology, microbiology, and treatment considerations for bacterial pneumonia complicating influenza. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2012;16(5):e321–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.01.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metersky M.L., Masterton R.G., Lode H., File T.M. Jr., Babinchak T. Epidemiology, microbiology, and treatment considerations for bacterial pneumonia complicating influenza. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2012;16(5):e321–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.01.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanderbeke L., Spriet I., Breynaert C., Rijnders B.J.A., Verweij P.E., Wauters J. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating severe influenza: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2018;31(6):471–480. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000504</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanderbeke L., Spriet I., Breynaert C., Rijnders B.J.A., Verweij P.E., Wauters J. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating severe influenza: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2018;31(6):471–480. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000504</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Vries E., Schutten M., Fraaij P., Boucher C., Osterhaus A. Influenza virus resistance to antiviral therapy. Adv. Pharmacol. 2013;67:217–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405880-4.00006-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Vries E., Schutten M., Fraaij P., Boucher C., Osterhaus A. Influenza virus resistance to antiviral therapy. Adv. Pharmacol. 2013;67:217–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405880-4.00006-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han J., Perez J., Schafer A., Cheng H., Peet N., Rong L., Manicassamy B. Influenza Virus: Small Molecule Therapeutics and Mechanisms of Antiviral Resistance. Curr. Med. Chem. 2018;25(38):5115–5127. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170920165926</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han J., Perez J., Schafer A., Cheng H., Peet N., Rong L., Manicassamy B. Influenza Virus: Small Molecule Therapeutics and Mechanisms of Antiviral Resistance. Curr. Med. Chem. 2018;25(38):5115–5127. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170920165926</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Looi Q.H., Foo J.B., Lim M.T., Le C.F., Show P.L. How far have we reached in development of effective influenza vaccine? Int. Rev. Immunol. 2018;37(5):266–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2018.1500570</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Looi Q.H., Foo J.B., Lim M.T., Le C.F., Show P.L. How far have we reached in development of effective influenza vaccine? Int. Rev. Immunol. 2018;37(5):266–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2018.1500570</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pleguezuelos O., James E., Fernandez A., Lopes V., Rosas L.A., Cervantes-Medina A., Cleath J., Edwards K., Neitzey D., Gu W., Hunsberger S., Taubenberger J.K., Stoloff G., Memoli M.J. Efficacy of FLU-v, a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine, in a randomized phase IIb human influenza challenge study. NPJ Vaccines. 2020;5(1):22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-020-0174-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pleguezuelos O., James E., Fernandez A., Lopes V., Rosas L.A., Cervantes-Medina A., Cleath J., Edwards K., Neitzey D., Gu W., Hunsberger S., Taubenberger J.K., Stoloff G., Memoli M.J. Efficacy of FLU-v, a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine, in a randomized phase IIb human influenza challenge study. NPJ Vaccines. 2020;5(1):22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-020-0174-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang F., Chen G., Zhao Y. Biomimetic nanoparticles as universal influenza vaccine. Smart Mater. Med. 2020;1:21–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smaim.2020.03.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang F., Chen G., Zhao Y. Biomimetic nanoparticles as universal influenza vaccine. Smart Mater. Med. 2020;1:21–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smaim.2020.03.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith M. Vaccine safety: medical contraindications, myths, and risk communication. Pediatr. Rev. 2015;36(6):227–238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith M. Vaccine safety: medical contraindications, myths, and risk communication. Pediatr. Rev. 2015;36(6):227–238.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J., Wu Y., Ma C., Fiorin G., Wang J., Pinto L.H., et al. Structure and inhibition of the drug-resistant S31N mutant of the M2 ion channel of influenza A virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2013;110(4):1315–1320. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216526110</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J., Wu Y., Ma C., Fiorin G., Wang J., Pinto L.H., et al. Structure and inhibition of the drug-resistant S31N mutant of the M2 ion channel of influenza A virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2013;110(4):1315–1320. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216526110</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leneva I.A., Russell R.J., Boriskin Y.S., Hay A.J. Characteristics of arbidol-resistant mutants of influenza virus: Implications for the mechanism of anti-influenza action of arbidol. Antiviral Res. 2009;81(2):132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leneva I.A., Russell R.J., Boriskin Y.S., Hay A.J. Characteristics of arbidol-resistant mutants of influenza virus: Implications for the mechanism of anti-influenza action of arbidol. Antiviral Res. 2009;81(2):132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hurt A.C., Ernest J., Deng Y.M., Iannello P., Besselaar T.G., Birch C., et al. Emergence and spread of oseltamivirresistant influenza A (H1N1) viruses in Oceania, Southeast Asia and South Asia. Antiviral Res. 2009;83(1):90–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.03.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hurt A.C., Ernest J., Deng Y.M., Iannello P., Besselaar T.G., Birch C., et al. Emergence and spread of oseltamivirresistant influenza A (H1N1) viruses in Oceania, Southeast Asia and South Asia. Antiviral Res. 2009;83(1):90–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.03.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hurt A.C. The epidemiology and spread of drug resistant human influenza viruses. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2014;8:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2014.04.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hurt A.C. The epidemiology and spread of drug resistant human influenza viruses. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2014;8:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2014.04.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lampejo T. Influenza and antiviral resistance: an overview. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2020;39(7):1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03840-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lampejo T. Influenza and antiviral resistance: an overview. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2020;39(7):1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03840-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fire A.Z. Gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Cell Death Differ. 2007;14(12):1998–2012. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4402253</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fire A.Z. Gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Cell Death Differ. 2007;14(12):1998–2012. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4402253</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fire A., Xu S.Q., Montgomery M.K., Kostas S.A., Driver S.E., Mell C.C. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 1998;391(6669): 806–811. https://doi.org/10.1038/35888</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fire A., Xu S.Q., Montgomery M.K., Kostas S.A., Driver S.E., Mell C.C. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 1998;391(6669): 806–811. https://doi.org/10.1038/35888</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Файзулоев Е.Б., Никонова А.А., Зверев В.В. Перспективы создания противовирусных препаратов на основе малых интерферирующих РНК. Вопросы вирусологии. 2013;(S1):155–169. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/perspektivy-sozdaniya-protivovirusnyh-preparatov-na-osnove-malyh-interferiruyuschih-rnk</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faizuloev E.B., Nikonova A.A., Zverev V.V. Prospects for the development of antiviral drugs based on small interfering RNAs. Voprosy virusologii = Problems of Virology. 2013;(S1):155–169 (in Russ.). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/perspektivy-sozdaniya-protivovirusnyh-preparatov-na-osnove-malyh-interferiruyuschih-rnk</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McManus M.T., Sharp P.A. Gene silencing in mammals by small interfering RNAs. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2002;3(10):737–747. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg908</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McManus M.T., Sharp P.A. Gene silencing in mammals by small interfering RNAs. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2002;3(10):737–747. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg908</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Estrin M.A., Hussein I.T.M., Puryear W.B., Kuan A.C., Artim S.C., Runstadler J.A. Host-directed combinatorial RNAi improves inhibition of diverse strains of influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197246</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Estrin M.A., Hussein I.T.M., Puryear W.B., Kuan A.C., Artim S.C., Runstadler J.A. Host-directed combinatorial RNAi improves inhibition of diverse strains of influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197246</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Janssen H.L., Reesink H.W., Lawitz E.J., Zeuzem S., Rodriguez-Torres M., Patel K., van der Meer A.J., Patick A.K., Chen A., Zhou Y., Persson R., King B.D., Kauppinen S., Levin A.A., Hodges M.R. Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;368(18):1685–1394. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1209026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Janssen H.L., Reesink H.W., Lawitz E.J., Zeuzem S., Rodriguez-Torres M., Patel K., van der Meer A.J., Patick A.K., Chen A., Zhou Y., Persson R., King B.D., Kauppinen S., Levin A.A., Hodges M.R. Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;368(18):1685–1394. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1209026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qureshi A., Tantray V.G., Kirmani A.R., Ahangar A.G. A review on current status of antiviral siRNA. Rev. Med. Virol. 2018;28(4):e1976. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1976</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qureshi A., Tantray V.G., Kirmani A.R., Ahangar A.G. A review on current status of antiviral siRNA. Rev. Med. Virol. 2018;28(4):e1976. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1976</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoy S.M. Patisiran: First Global Approval. Drugs. 2018;78(15):1625–1631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-0180983-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoy S.M. Patisiran: First Global Approval. Drugs. 2018;78(15):1625–1631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-0180983-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lesch M., Luckner M., Meyer M., Weege F., Gravenstein I., Raftery M., Sieben C., Martin-Sancho L., ImaiMatsushima A., Welke R.W., Frise R., Barclay W., Schönrich G., Herrmann A., Meyer T.F, Karlas A. RNAi-based small molecule repositioning reveals clinically approved ureabased kinase inhibitors as broadly active antivirals. PLoS Pathog. 2019;15(3):e1007601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007601</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lesch M., Luckner M., Meyer M., Weege F., Gravenstein I., Raftery M., Sieben C., Martin-Sancho L., ImaiMatsushima A., Welke R.W., Frise R., Barclay W., Schönrich G., Herrmann A., Meyer T.F, Karlas A. RNAi-based small molecule repositioning reveals clinically approved ureabased kinase inhibitors as broadly active antivirals. PLoS Pathog. 2019;15(3):e1007601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007601</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karlas A., Machuy N., Shin Y., Pleissner K.P., Artarini A., Heuer D., et al. Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies human host factors crucial for influenza virus replication. Nature. 2010;463(7282):818–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08760</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karlas A., Machuy N., Shin Y., Pleissner K.P., Artarini A., Heuer D., et al. Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies human host factors crucial for influenza virus replication. Nature. 2010;463(7282):818–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08760</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arenas-Hernandez M., Vega-Sanchez R. Housekeeping gene expression stability in reproductive tissues after mitogen stimulation. BMC Res. Notes. 2013;6:285. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-285</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arenas-Hernandez M., Vega-Sanchez R. Housekeeping gene expression stability in reproductive tissues after mitogen stimulation. BMC Res. Notes. 2013;6:285. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-285</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee H.K., Loh T.P., Lee C.K., Tang J.W., Chiu L., Koay E.S. A universal influenza A and B duplex real-time RTPCR assay. J. Med. Virol. 2012;84(10):1646–1651. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23375</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee H.K., Loh T.P., Lee C.K., Tang J.W., Chiu L., Koay E.S. A universal influenza A and B duplex real-time RTPCR assay. J. Med. Virol. 2012;84(10):1646–1651. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23375</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramakrishnan M.A. Determination of 50% endpoint titer using a simple formula. World J. Virol. 2016;5(2):85–86. https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v5.i2.85</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramakrishnan M.A. Determination of 50% endpoint titer using a simple formula. World J. Virol. 2016;5(2):85–86. https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v5.i2.85</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eierhoff T., Hrincius E.R., Rescher U., Ludwig S., Ehrhardt C. The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) promotes uptake of influenza А viruses (IAV) into host cells. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(9):e1001099. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001099</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eierhoff T., Hrincius E.R., Rescher U., Ludwig S., Ehrhardt C. The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) promotes uptake of influenza А viruses (IAV) into host cells. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(9):e1001099. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001099</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaw M.L., Stertz S. Role of Host Genes in Influenza Virus Replication. In: Tripp R., Tompkins S. (Eds.). Roles of Host Gene and Non-coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 2017;419:151–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2017_30</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaw M.L., Stertz S. Role of Host Genes in Influenza Virus Replication. In: Tripp R., Tompkins S. (Eds.). Roles of Host Gene and Non-coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 2017;419:151–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2017_30</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watanabe T., Watanabe S., Kawaoka Y. Cellular networks involved in the influenza virus life cycle. Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 2010;7(6):427–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2010.05.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watanabe T., Watanabe S., Kawaoka Y. Cellular networks involved in the influenza virus life cycle. Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 2010;7(6):427–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2010.05.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hussain M., Galvin H.D., Haw T.Y., Nutsford A.N., Husain M. Drug resistance in influenza A virus: the epidemiology and management. Infect. Drug Resist. 2017;10:121–134. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S105473</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hussain M., Galvin H.D., Haw T.Y., Nutsford A.N., Husain M. Drug resistance in influenza A virus: the epidemiology and management. Infect. Drug Resist. 2017;10:121–134. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S105473</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanjuán R., Domingo-Calap P. Mechanisms of viral mutation. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2016;73(23):4433–4448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2299-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanjuán R., Domingo-Calap P. Mechanisms of viral mutation. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2016;73(23):4433–4448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2299-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Presloid J.B., Novella I.S. RNA viruses and RNAi: quasispecies implications for viral escape. Viruses. 2015;7(6):3226–3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7062768</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Presloid J.B., Novella I.S. RNA viruses and RNAi: quasispecies implications for viral escape. Viruses. 2015;7(6):3226–3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7062768</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das A.T., Brummelkamp T.R., Westerhout E.M., Vink M., Madiredjo M., Bernards R., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 escapes from RNA interferencemediated inhibition. J. Virol. 2004;78(5):2601–5. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.5.2601-2605.2004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das A.T., Brummelkamp T.R., Westerhout E.M., Vink M., Madiredjo M., Bernards R., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 escapes from RNA interferencemediated inhibition. J. Virol. 2004;78(5):2601–5. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.5.2601-2605.2004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rupp J.C., Locatelli M., Grieser A., Ramos A., Campbell P.J., Yi H., et al. Host cell copper transporters CTR1 and ATP7A are important for Influenza A virus replication. Virol J. 2017;14(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-0160671-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rupp J.C., Locatelli M., Grieser A., Ramos A., Campbell P.J., Yi H., et al. Host cell copper transporters CTR1 and ATP7A are important for Influenza A virus replication. Virol J. 2017;14(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-0160671-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang R., Zhu Y., Zhao J., Ren C., Li P., Chen H., et al. Autophagy Promotes Replication of Influenza A Virus In Vitro. J. Virol. 2019;93(4):e01984–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01984-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang R., Zhu Y., Zhao J., Ren C., Li P., Chen H., et al. Autophagy Promotes Replication of Influenza A Virus In Vitro. J. Virol. 2019;93(4):e01984–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01984-18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
