chemicallytechFine Chemical TechnologiesТонкие химические технологии2410-65932686-7575MIREA – Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA).10.32362/2410-6593-2021-16-4-318-336chemicallytech-1725Research ArticleCHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCESХИМИЯ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙBiological functions of cobalt and its toxicology and detection in anti-doping controlБиологические функции кобальта, токсикология и обнаружение в антидопинговом контролеhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0423-7801ПронинаИ. В.ProninaI. V.

Пронина Ирина Валерьевна, к.б.н., главный специалист отдела допингового контроля; старший научный сотрудник лаборатории патогеномики и транскриптомики

105005, Москва, Елизаветинский переулок, дом 10, стр. 1

125315, Москва, ул. Балтийская, д. 8

Scopus Author ID 8161867200

ResearcherID G-3951-2014

Irina V. Pronina, Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Main Specialist, Doping Control Department; Senior Researcher, Pathogenomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory

10-1, Elizavetinskii per., Moscow, 105005

8, ul. Baltiiskaya, Moscow, 125315

Scopus Author ID 8161867200

ResearcherID G-3951-2014

pronina@dopingtest.ruМочаловаЕ. С.MochalovaE. S.

Мочалова Елена Сергеевна, исполняющий обязанности директора Национальной антидопинговой лаборатории (Института)

105005, Москва, Елизаветинский переулок, дом 10, стр. 1

Elena S. Mochalova, Acting Director

(Institute)

10-1, Elizavetinskii per., Moscow, 105005

mochalova@dopingtest.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3582-0012ЕфимоваЮ. А.EfimovaYu. A.

Ефимова Юлия Александровна, к.х.н., доцент, кафедра аналитической химии им. Алимарина И.П. Института тонких химических технологий им. М.В. Ломоносова

119571, Москва, пр. Вернадского, д. 86

Yuliya A. Efimova, Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Assistant Professor, I.P. Alimarin Department of Analitical Chemistry

86, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119571

efimova_yulia@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-0582ПостниковП. В.PostnikovP. V.

Постников Павел Викторович, к.х.н., начальник отдела допингового контроля 

105005, Москва, Елизаветинский переулок, дом 10, стр. 1

Pavel V. Postnikov, Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Head of the Doping Control Department

10-1, Elizavetinskii per., Moscow, 105005

postnikov@dopingtest.ruНациональная антидопинговая лаборатория (Институт), Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова; Научно-исследовательский институт общей патологии и патофизиологииРоссияNational Anti-Doping Laboratory (Institute), Lomonosov Moscow State University; Institute of General Pathology and PathophysiologyRussian FederationНациональная антидопинговая лаборатория (Институт), Московский государственный университет им. М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияNational Anti-Doping Laboratory (Institute), Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian FederationМИРЭА – Российский технологический университет (Институт тонких химических технологий им. М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияMIREA – Russian Technological University (M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies)Russian Federation202128092021164318336Copyright © Pronina I.V., Mochalova E.S., Efimova Y.A., Postnikov P.V., 20212021Пронина И.В., Мочалова Е.С., Ефимова Ю.А., Постников П.В.Pronina I.V., Mochalova E.S., Efimova Y.A., Postnikov P.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1725

Objectives. Over the last decade, hematopoietic stimulants have grown increasingly popular in elite sports. This is supported by the growing number of high-profile doping scandals linked to their use. A group of these stimulants includes cobalt salts, which cause an increase in the oxygen capacity of the blood as well as a powerful stimulation of metabolic processes, resulting innoticeable competitive advantages. The use of cobalt salts is regulated according to the Prohibited List of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Currently, only a few works have been dedicated to solving the problem of detecting the abuse of cobalt salts in anti-doping control. Only a few laboratories have included cobalt salt determination in their methodological bases. The purpose of this review is to attract the attention of the scientific community to the toxicity of cobalt compounds, consequences of their intake, and pharmacokinetics, as well as the problems in their detection methods due to their widespread availability in the modern market and the growing number of abuse cases.Results. The main biological functions of cobalt, cellular levels of exposure, toxicity, and symptoms of cobalt salt poisoning are presented in detail in this review article. The data from the literature on the main methods for detecting cobalt as a doping agent have been generalized and systematized. There is a major focus on the amount of cobalt in dietary supplements that could cause an athlete to test positive for cobalt when they are consumed.Conclusions. After analyzing promising cobalt detection approaches and methods, it was determined that high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has an undeniable advantage for detecting cobalt as a doping agent. The lack of explicit WADA requirements for detection methods and the lack of its obligation to determine cobalt make it tempting for unscrupulous athletes to use its salts. Therefore, antidoping laboratories must implement the abovementioned method as soon as possible.

Цели. В последнее десятилетие чрезвычайную популярность в спорте высших достижений приобрели стимуляторы кроветворения. Этот факт подтверждают и участившиеся громкие допинговые скандалы, связанные с их употреблением. Соли кобальта относятся к данному классу веществ, их использование приводит к увеличению кислородной емкости крови и к мощной стимуляции обменных процессов, что дает несомненные конкурентные преимущества. Применение солей кобальта регламентировано в соответствии с Запрещенным списком Всемирного антидопингового агентства. В настоящее время проблематике выявления злоупотреблений солями кобальта в антидопинговом контроле посвящено всего несколько работ. Лишь единичные лаборатории вводят определение солей кобальта в свою методологическую базу. Цель данного обзора состоит в том, чтобы обратить внимание научного сообщества на токсичность соединений кобальта, последствия их приема, фармакокинетику, проблематику и способы обнаружения ввиду их доступности на современном рынке и участившихся случаев злоупотребления ими.Результаты. В представленном обзоре рассмотрены основные биологические функции кобальта и клеточные уровни воздействия, токсичность и симптоматика при отравлении его солями. Обобщены и систематизированы литературные данные по основным используемым методам идентификации кобальта как допингового агента. Особое внимание уделено содержанию кобальта в биологически-активных добавках, при приеме которых спортсмен может сдать положительный допинг-тест на кобальт.Выводы. На основе анализа перспективных подходов и методов определения кобальта, сделан вывод о несомненном преимуществе высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии в сочетании с масс-спектрометрией с индуктивно-связанной плазмой для детекции кобальта как допингового агента. Отсутствие четких требований к методам идентификации со стороны ВАДА и обязательности определения кобальта, несомненно, делает привлекательным прием его солей недобросовестными спортсменами. Ввиду этого существует необходимость внедрения вышеуказанного метода в практику антидопинговых лабораторий в ближайшем будущем.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.