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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">chemicallytech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Fine Chemical Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тонкие химические технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2410-6593</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7575</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MIREA – Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA).</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32362/2410-6593-2019-14-5-7-20</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">chemicallytech-1545</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Structural features of synthetic glycoconjugates and efficiency of their interaction with glycoprotein receptors on the surface of hepatocytes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Структурные особенности синтетических гликоконъюгатов и эффективность их взаимодействия с гликопротеиновыми рецепторами на поверхности гепатоцитов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4905-8911</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Носова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nosova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Носова Анастасия Сергеевна, магистр кафедры химии и технологии биологически активных соединений, медицинской и органической химии им. Н.А. Преображенского</p><p>119571, Москва, пр. Вернадского, д. 86</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiya S. Nosova, Master of the N.A. Preobrazhensky Chair of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medical and Organic Chemistry</p><p>86, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119571, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">c-221@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1702-9435</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буданова</surname><given-names>У. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Budanova</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Буданова Ульяна Александровна, кандидат химических наук, ассистент кафедры химии и технологии биологически активных соединений, медицинской и органической химии им. Н.А. Преображенского</p><p>Scopus Author ID 14622352500, ResearcherID E-1659-2014</p><p>119571, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 86</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ulyana A. Budanova, Cand. of Sci. (Chemistry), Assistant of Professor of the N.A. Preobrazhensky Chair of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medical and Organic Chemistry</p><p>Scopus Author ID 14622352500, ResearcherID E-1659-2014</p><p>86, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119571, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-378X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Себякин</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sebyakin</surname><given-names>Yu. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Себякин Юрий Львович, доктор химических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры химии и технологии биологически активных соединений, медицинской и органической химии им. Н.А. Преображенского</p><p>Scopus Author ID 6701455145, ResearcherID T-2835-2019</p><p>119571, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 86</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury L. Sebyakin, Dr. of Sci. (Chemistry), Professor, Professor of the N.A. Preobrazhensky Chair of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medical and Organic Chemistry</p><p>Scopus Author ID 6701455145, ResearcherID T-2835-2019</p><p>86, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119571, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МИРЭА – Российский технологический университет (Институт тонких химических технологий имени М.В. Ломоносова)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MIREA – Russian Technological University (M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Nosova A.S., Budanova Y.A., Sebyakin Y.L., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Носова А.С., Буданова У.А., Себякин Ю.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nosova A.S., Budanova Y.A., Sebyakin Y.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1545">https://www.finechem-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1545</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. Over the last few years, medicinal chemistry research has been focusing on the creation of molecules that can target particular body systems, organs and tissues, thus abating systemic toxicity and side effects, and, most of all, boosting therapeutic potential. This goal can be achieved through the specific interaction of such drugs with active sites of cellular receptors. For example, glycoprotein receptors that can be found on cellular surfaces in neural tissues and liver parenchyma, selectively bind various glycoproteins and glycosides, facilitating their penetration into cells. This review describes how certain parameters of ligand structure (the nature and length of the spacer between carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate fragments of the molecule, number of carbohydrate residues per molecule, etc.) influence the penetration efficiency of synthetic glycoconjugates into liver cells.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. This review article summarizes 75 research papers and discusses data from in vitro and in vivo experiments showing which structures of synthetic carbohydrate derivatives are optimal for targeted drug delivery into liver cells.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The surface of liver cells (hepatocytes) contains a significant number of asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-R) that are almost never found elsewhere. This makes ASGP-R an ideal target for the directed treatment of liver diseases, including such difficult, socially important conditions as hepatocellular carcinoma and Hepatitis C. A number of various ligands and targeted (to ASGP-R) delivery systems have been designed. Such molecules always contain derivatives of mono- and disaccharides, most commonly D-glucose, D-galactose, D-lactose and N-acetylglucosamines. This review contains the chemical structures of carbohydrate-based ligands.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Glycolipids based on D-carbohydrates, when in liposomes, facilitate penetration into liver cells by a receptor-mediated, clathrin-dependent endocytosis mechanism that is activated upon contact of the carbohydrate-containing ligand fragment with the active site of ASGP-R. It can be addressed by the use of monovalent derivatives of carbohydrates as well as polyvalent glycoconjugates. Alterations in the ligand structure and the number of liposomal modifications can boost the therapeutic effect. The distance between the liposomal surface and the carbohydrate residue (spacer length), as well as the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the ligand molecule, have a great effect on the affinity and cellular response.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цели</title><p>Цели. Последние несколько лет исследования в области медицинской химии уделяют большое внимание созданию молекул, направленно воздействующих на конкретные системы организма человека, органы и ткани, что помогает снизить общее токсическое воздействие препаратов на их основе, уменьшить степень проявления побочных эффектов, а самое главное – многократно усилить их терапевтический эффект. Это может быть достигнуто при помощи специфического взаимодействия подобных веществ с активными центрами клеточных рецепторов. Например, класс гликопротеиновых рецепторов, располагающихся на поверхности клеток нервной ткани и паренхимы печени, селективно связывает различные гликопротеины и гликозиды, способствуя их проникновению внутрь клеток. В обзоре рассмотрено влияние таких особенностей структуры лигандов, как природа и длина связующего звена (спейсера) между углеводной и неуглеводной частями молекулы, количество углеводных остатков в составе одной молекулы, а также ряда других, на эффективность проникновения синтетических гликоконъюгатов в клетки печени.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. В обзоре проанализировано 75 публикаций и обобщены результаты исследований, в которых с помощью in vitro и in vivo экспериментов устанавливается, какая структура искусственно синтезированных производных углеводов окажется наиболее оптимальной для направленной доставки лекарственных средств в клетки печени.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. На поверхности гепатоцитов (клеток печени) в большом количестве представлен асиалогликопротеиновый рецептор (ASGP-R), который почти не встречается на других типах клеток, что делает его идеальным рецептором-мишенью для направленного лечения заболеваний печени, в том числе таких трудно излечимых социально значимых заболеваний, как гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома и гепатит С. Разработан ряд разнообразных лигандов и систем направленной доставки к ASGP-R. Такие молекулы обязательно имеют в составе производные монои дисахаридов, чаще всего применяются D-глюкоза, D-галактоза, D-лактоза и N-ацетилглюкозамины. В обзоре приводятся примеры химических структур углеводсодержащих лигандов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Гликолипиды на основе D-углеводов в составе липосом обеспечивают их проникновение в клетки печени по механизму рецептор-опосредованного клатрин-зависимого эндоцитоза, который активируется при контакте углеводсодержащей части лиганда с активным центром ASGP-R. Показано, что для этого можно использовать как моновалентные производные углеводов, так и поливалентные гликоконъюгаты. Варьируя структуру лиганда и количество добавляемых к липосоме модификаций, можно достичь наибольшего терапевтического эффекта. Большое влияние на аффинность и клеточный ответ оказывают расстояние от поверхности липосомы до углеводного остатка (длина спейсера) и гидрофильно-липофильный баланс молекулы лиганда.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гликоконъюгаты</kwd><kwd>асиалогликопротеиновый рецептор</kwd><kwd>рецептор-опосредованный эндоцитоз</kwd><kwd>направленная доставка</kwd><kwd>клетки печени</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>glycoconjugates</kwd><kwd>asialoglycoprotein receptor</kwd><kwd>receptor-mediated endocytosis</kwd><kwd>targeted delivery</kwd><kwd>liver cells</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (проекты № 17-04-01141 и № 19-04-00775).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), projects No. 17-04-01141 and No. 19-04-00775.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farazi P.A., DePinho R.A. 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